Wallo A, Domotor S, Vázquez G
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Air, Water and Radiation Protection Policy and Guidance, EH-41, 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W., Room GA-098, Washington, DC 20585-0001, USA.
Health Phys. 2006 Nov;91(5):526-8. doi: 10.1097/01.HP.0000232649.16529.95.
U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) regulates its operations with a system of rules, directives, and guidance under the Atomic Energy Act. U.S. DOE's policy is to conduct its radiological operations in a manner that ensures the health and safety of its employees, contractors, and the public. U.S. DOE uses an annual dose limit of 100 mrem (1 mSv) with an "as low as reasonably achievable" (ALARA) process to achieve radiological protection. The primary directive for radiation protection of the public and the environment is DOE Order 5400.5. It contains requirements for the protection of the public and the environment from routine operations, including controlling and releasing property. Since the publication of Order 5400.5 in 1990, U.S. DOE has issued guidance for meeting requirements under it; Guide G 441.1-xx consolidates this guidance. DOE applies a dose constraint of 25 mrem y (0.25 mSy y(-1)), plus ALARA, for the release of real property, and 1 mrem y(-1), plus ALARA, for release of personal property. Models and guidance to develop the needed documentation for release of property are easily available and user-friendly. While achieving protection of human health and the environment, U.S. DOE's dose-based release process has resulted in significant cost savings. U.S. DOE has recently adopted a management systems approach for general environmental and public protection programs. The integration of the radiation protection program into this new approach is a high priority.
美国能源部（U.S. DOE）依据《原子能法》通过一套规则、指令和指南体系来管理其运营。美国能源部的政策是，以确保其员工、承包商和公众的健康与安全的方式开展其放射性操作。美国能源部采用每年100毫雷姆（1毫希沃特）的剂量限值，并通过“合理可行尽量低”（ALARA）程序来实现辐射防护。保护公众和环境免受辐射影响的主要指令是美国能源部第5400.5号指令。它包含了保护公众和环境免受常规操作影响的要求，包括对财产的控制和释放。自1990年发布第5400.5号指令以来，美国能源部已发布了关于满足其中要求的指南；指南G 441.1-xx整合了该指南。美国能源部对不动产的释放适用25毫雷姆/年（0.25毫希沃特/年）的剂量约束，外加ALARA，对个人财产的释放适用1毫雷姆/年的剂量约束，外加ALARA。用于编制财产释放所需文件的模型和指南易于获取且用户友好。在实现对人类健康和环境的保护的同时，美国能源部基于剂量的释放程序已大幅节省了成本。美国能源部最近对一般环境和公众保护计划采用了管理体系方法。将辐射防护计划纳入这一新方法是一项高度优先事项。
