Bartosová-Víchová J, Bartos L, Svecová L
Ethology Group, Research Institute of Animal Production, POB 1, CZ-104 01 Praha 10, Uhríneves, Czech Republic.
J Anim Sci. 2007 Feb;85(2):494-6. doi: 10.2527/jas.2006-446. Epub 2006 Oct 13.
The opening of the preorbital gland of red deer (Cervus elaphus) calves has been previously associated with feeding and satiety. However, it has been suggested to be most likely affected by some other factor or factors, possibly by excitement of the calf. If so, a calf should open its preorbital gland while being exposed to any stressful procedure. The hypothesis was tested that the preorbital gland is closed in a relaxed calf, whereas it is opened in a stressed calf. Preorbital opening was observed in 41 newborn red deer farm calves during a regular daily routine consisting of a search for newborn calves, their inspection, weighing, and painful marking with an ear tag. The openness of the preorbital gland (preorbital gland closed or opened) was recorded just before manipulation of a lying calf (i.e., in a calm calf) and then during the manipulation (i.e., in a distressed calf). Before manipulation, in all but 3 calves (7.3%, all of which were males), the preorbital gland was closed. All calves observed (100%) opened their preorbital gland during their manipulation, at least by the time the ear was punctured by the ear tag. The proportion of individuals with an open gland was lower (P < 0.001) before than during manipulation (7.3 vs. 100%, respectively). Hence, openness of the preorbital gland in newborn red deer calves was associated with a stressful manipulation by the humans, which suggests that it may be a simple and easily recognized indicator of calf stress.
马鹿（Cervus elaphus）幼崽眶前腺的张开此前一直被认为与进食和饱腹感有关。然而，有人提出它很可能受到其他一些因素的影响，可能是幼崽的兴奋状态。如果是这样，那么幼崽在接受任何应激程序时都应该会张开其眶前腺。本研究对“在放松的幼崽中眶前腺是闭合的，而在应激的幼崽中是张开的”这一假设进行了验证。在一项日常常规操作中，对41只新生的马鹿养殖场幼崽进行了观察，该操作包括寻找新生幼崽、检查、称重以及用耳标进行疼痛标记。在对卧着的幼崽进行操作前（即平静的幼崽）以及操作过程中（即痛苦的幼崽），记录眶前腺的张开情况（眶前腺闭合或张开）。在操作前，除了3只幼崽（7.3%，均为雄性）外，所有幼崽的眶前腺都是闭合的。所有被观察的幼崽（100%）在操作过程中都张开了眶前腺，至少在耳标刺穿耳朵时是张开的。操作前眶前腺张开的个体比例低于操作过程中（分别为7.3%和100%，P < 0.001）。因此，新生马鹿幼崽眶前腺的张开与人类的应激性操作有关，这表明它可能是幼崽应激的一个简单且易于识别的指标。
