Abu Qdais H A
Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, Jordan.
Waste Manag. 2007;27(11):1666-72. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.08.004. Epub 2006 Oct 17.
Mismanagement of solid waste leads to public health risks, adverse environmental impacts and other socio-economic problems. This is obvious in many developing countries around the world. Currently, several countries have realized that the way they manage their solid wastes does not satisfy the objectives of sustainable development. Therefore, these countries, including Jordan, which forms the case study presented here, have decided to move away from traditional solid waste management (SWM) options to more integrated solid waste management approaches. Unfortunately, in many developing countries like Jordan, the lack of adequate resources to implement the necessary changes is posing a serious obstacle. The present paper discusses the various practices and challenges of solid waste management in Jordan from both a technical and economic perspective. An overview of the current practices and their environmental implications in three major cities of the country, which generate more than 70% of the country's solid waste, is presented. Recent literature on solid waste management in Jordan has been reviewed; and data on the total amount of municipal solid waste generated, compositional variations over the last two decades, and future projections are presented. The necessity, importance and needs of solid waste recovery and reuse are identified. The review of the legal frameworks indicated that there is a need for detailed and clear regulations dealing specifically with solid waste. The service cost analysis revealed that none of the municipalities in Jordan sufficiently recover the cost of the services, with more than 50% being subsidized from the municipalities' budgets. The allocation of the available resources was analyzed and service performance indicators assessed. Factors that should be taken into consideration when making the decision to move from a traditional SWM approach to a more integrated approach are highlighted and suggestions for a more smooth transition are recommended.
固体废物管理不善会导致公共健康风险、不利的环境影响以及其他社会经济问题。这在世界上许多发展中国家都很明显。目前，一些国家已经意识到他们管理固体废物的方式无法实现可持续发展目标。因此，这些国家，包括本文作为案例研究的约旦，已决定从传统的固体废物管理（SWM）选项转向更综合的固体废物管理方法。不幸的是，在许多像约旦这样的发展中国家，缺乏实施必要变革的充足资源构成了严重障碍。本文从技术和经济角度讨论了约旦固体废物管理的各种做法和挑战。概述了该国三个主要城市目前的做法及其环境影响，这三个城市产生了该国70%以上的固体废物。回顾了约旦关于固体废物管理的近期文献；并给出了城市固体废物产生总量、过去二十年成分变化以及未来预测的数据。确定了固体废物回收和再利用的必要性、重要性和需求。对法律框架的审查表明，需要有专门针对固体废物的详细明确的法规。服务成本分析显示，约旦没有一个城市能够充分收回服务成本，超过50%的成本由城市预算补贴。分析了可用资源的分配情况并评估了服务绩效指标。强调了从传统SWM方法转向更综合方法时应考虑的因素，并提出了实现更平稳过渡的建议。
