Yeh Wenchi, Barsalou Lawrence W
Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
Am J Psychol. 2006 Fall;119(3):349-84.
For decades the importance of background situations has been documented across all areas of cognition. Nevertheless, theories of concepts generally ignore background situations, focusing largely on bottom-up, stimulus-based processing. Furthermore, empirical research on concepts typically ignores background situations, not incorporating them into experimental designs. A selective review of relevant literatures demonstrates that concepts are not abstracted out of situations but instead are situated. Background situations constrain conceptual processing in many tasks (e.g., recall, recognition, categorization, lexical decision, color naming, property verification, property generation) across many areas of cognition (e.g., episodic memory, conceptual processing, visual object recognition, language comprehension). A taxonomy of situations is proposed in which grain size, meaningfulness, and tangibility distinguish the cumulative situations that structure cognition hierarchically.
几十年来，背景情境的重要性在认知的各个领域都有记载。然而，概念理论通常忽略背景情境，主要关注自下而上的、基于刺激的加工。此外，关于概念的实证研究通常也忽略背景情境，没有将其纳入实验设计。对相关文献的选择性综述表明，概念并非从情境中抽象出来，而是情境化的。背景情境在认知的许多领域（如情景记忆、概念加工、视觉物体识别、语言理解）的许多任务（如回忆、识别、分类、词汇判断、颜色命名、属性验证、属性生成）中制约着概念加工。本文提出了一种情境分类法，其中粒度、意义性和可触知性区分了分层构建认知的累积情境。
