Borgå Katrine, Campbell Linda, Gabrielsen Geir W, Norstrom Ross J, Muir Derek C G, Fisk Aaron T
Norwegian Polar Institute, Polar Environmental Centre, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2006 Nov;25(11):2927-36. doi: 10.1897/05-574r1.1.
Twenty-five essential and nonessential elements were analyzed in Arctic seabirds to study the influence of phylogeny, tissue, Arctic region, and diet on avian element accumulation and to identify co-occurrence among metals. Muscle and liver concentrations were positively correlated, generally being higher in liver than in muscle, and generally did not differ by sex. Zinc showed the highest absolute concentrations in all samples (mean, 11.2-26.7 microg/g in muscle, depending on species and area), followed by copper (5.2-7.5 microg/g), arsenic (0.5-5.4 microg/g), selenium (1.0-5.8 microg/g), rubidium (1.4-2.2 microg/g), and cadmium (0.04-1.2 microg/g). Mercury levels ranged from 0.05 to 0.8 microg/g in muscle. The concentrations varied among species (dovekie [Alle alle], black guillemot [Cepphus grylle], thick-billed murre [Uria lomvia], black-legged kittiwake [Rissa tridactyla], northern fulmar [Fulmaris glacialis], ivory gull [Pagophila eburnean], Thayer's gull [Larus thayeri], and glaucous gull [Larus hyperboreus]), and between the northern Baffin Bay (Canada) and the Barents Sea, depending on the element. Whereas some elements (e.g., mercury and zinc) increased in absolute and standardized concentrations with trophic level in the northern Baffin Bay, most elements showed no relationship with trophic level or other dietary descriptors. In absolute concentrations, nonessential elements differed between regions, whereas essential elements differed among species but not within a species across the two regions. Standardized concentrations (element pattern) of both essential elements and nonessential elements generally did not differ between regions but was highly species specific and, thus, determined by the phylogenetic element regulation capacity. The usefulness of multivariate ordination in element wildlife studies is illustrated, which provides additional insight regarding element co-occurrence in wildlife, allows inclusion of species with low sample number, and reduces the possibility of type II errors created by low sample size.
对北极海鸟体内的25种必需和非必需元素进行了分析，以研究系统发育、组织、北极区域和饮食对鸟类元素积累的影响，并确定金属之间的共现情况。肌肉和肝脏中的元素浓度呈正相关，肝脏中的浓度通常高于肌肉，且一般不存在性别差异。锌在所有样本中的绝对浓度最高（肌肉中平均为11.2 - 26.7微克/克，取决于物种和区域），其次是铜（5.2 - 7.5微克/克）、砷（0.5 - 5.4微克/克）、硒（1.0 - 5.8微克/克）、铷（1.4 - 2.2微克/克）和镉（0.04 - 1.2微克/克）。肌肉中的汞含量在0.05至0.8微克/克之间。浓度因物种（厚嘴海鸦[Alle alle]、黑海雀[Cepphus grylle]、厚嘴海鸠[Uria lomvia]、黑脚三趾鸥[Rissa tridactyla]、北极 fulmar[Fulmaris glacialis]、象牙鸥[Pagophila eburnean]、塞耶鸥[Larus thayeri]和白翅鸥[Larus hyperboreus]）以及加拿大巴芬湾北部和巴伦支海之间的不同而有所变化，具体取决于元素。在巴芬湾北部，一些元素（如汞和锌）的绝对浓度和标准化浓度随营养级升高而增加，但大多数元素与营养级或其他饮食指标无关。在绝对浓度方面，非必需元素在不同区域存在差异，而必需元素在不同物种间存在差异，但在两个区域内的同一物种中不存在差异。必需元素和非必需元素的标准化浓度（元素模式）在不同区域间通常没有差异，但具有高度的物种特异性，因此由系统发育元素调节能力决定。文中说明了多元排序在元素野生动物研究中的作用，它为野生动物中元素的共现提供了更多见解，允许纳入样本数量较少的物种，并降低了因样本量小而产生II类错误的可能性。
