Bickel Warren K, Miller Michelle L, Yi Richard, Kowal Benjamin P, Lindquist Diana M, Pitcock Jeffery A
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Center for Addiction Research, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007 Sep;90 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S85-91. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.016. Epub 2006 Nov 13.
We review behavioral- and neuroeconomic research that identifies temporal discounting as an important component in the development and maintenance of drug addiction. First, we review behavioral economic research that explains and documents the contribution of temporal discounting to addiction. This is followed with recent insights from neuroeconomics that may provide an explanation of why drug-dependent individuals discount the future. Specifically, neuroeconomics has identified two competing neural systems that are related to temporal discounting using brain-imaging techniques that examine the relative activation of different brain regions for temporal discounting. According to the competing neural systems account, choices for delayed outcomes are related to the prefrontal cortex (i.e., the "executive system") and choices for immediate outcomes are related to the limbic brain regions (i.e., the "impulsive system"). Temporal discounting provides a useful framework for future imaging research, and suggests a novel approach to designing effective drug dependence prevention and treatment programs.
我们回顾了行为经济学和神经经济学的研究，这些研究将时间折扣确定为药物成瘾发展和维持过程中的一个重要组成部分。首先，我们回顾行为经济学研究，该研究解释并记录了时间折扣对成瘾的影响。接下来是神经经济学的最新见解，这些见解可能解释了为什么药物依赖个体对未来进行折扣。具体而言，神经经济学利用脑成像技术识别出与时间折扣相关的两个相互竞争的神经系统，该技术通过检查不同脑区在时间折扣方面的相对激活情况来进行研究。根据相互竞争的神经系统理论，对延迟结果的选择与前额叶皮层（即“执行系统”）有关，而对即时结果的选择与边缘脑区（即“冲动系统”）有关。时间折扣为未来的成像研究提供了一个有用的框架，并为设计有效的药物依赖预防和治疗方案提出了一种新方法。
