三个月大婴儿通过操作性学习程序对不同视角变化下的物体识别。

Three-month-old infants' object recognition across changes in viewpoint using an operant learning procedure.

作者信息

Kraebel Kimberly S, Gerhardstein Peter C

机构信息

Department of Psychology, SUNY at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA.

出版信息

Infant Behav Dev. 2006 Jan;29(1):11-23. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.10.002. Epub 2005 Nov 7.

DOI:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.10.002

PMID:17138257

Abstract

Object knowledge refers to the understanding that all objects share certain properties. Various components of object knowledge (e.g., object occlusion, object causality) have been examined in human infants to determine its developmental origins. Viewpoint invariance--the understanding that an object viewed from different viewpoints is still the same object--is one area of object knowledge, however, that has received less attention. To this end, infants' capacity for viewpoint-invariant perception of multi-part objects was investigated. Three-month-old infants were tested for generalization to an object displayed on a mobile that differed only in orientation (i.e., viewpoint) from a training object. Infants were given experience with a wide range of object views (Experiment 1) or a more restricted range during training (Experiment 2). The results showed that infants generalized between a horizontal and vertical viewpoint (Experiment 1) that they could clearly discriminate between in other contexts (i.e., with restricted view experience, Experiment 2). Overall, the outcome shows that training experience with multiple viewpoints plays an important role in infants' ability to develop a general percept of an object's 3D structure and promotes viewpoint-invariant perception of multi-part objects; in contrast, restricting training experience impedes viewpoint-invariant recognition of multi-part objects.

摘要

客体知识是指对所有客体都具有某些共同属性的理解。人们已对人类婴儿客体知识的各个组成部分（如客体遮挡、客体因果关系）进行了研究，以确定其发展起源。然而，观点不变性——即理解从不同视角观察到的客体仍是同一个客体——作为客体知识的一个领域，受到的关注较少。为此，研究人员对婴儿感知多部分客体时的观点不变性能力进行了调查。研究人员测试了3个月大的婴儿能否将在活动装置上展示的一个客体进行泛化，该客体与训练客体的唯一区别仅在于方向（即视角）。研究人员让婴儿体验了各种客体视角（实验1），或在训练期间让婴儿体验了范围更有限的视角（实验2）。结果显示，婴儿能够在水平和垂直视角之间进行泛化（实验1），而在其他情境下（即有受限视角体验时，实验2），他们能够清晰区分这两种视角。总体而言，结果表明，对多种视角的训练体验在婴儿形成客体三维结构的一般感知能力中起着重要作用，并促进了对多部分客体的观点不变性感知；相比之下，限制训练体验会阻碍对多部分客体的观点不变性识别。