Clark Bartholomew E, Mount Jeanine K
Pharmacy Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton Health Services Research Program, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
Res Social Adm Pharm. 2006 Mar;2(1):110-28. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2005.12.003.
The importance of organizational culture in shaping everyday organizational life is well accepted, but little work has focused on organizational culture in pharmacy. Examining new pharmacists' experiences at various practice sites may help us to understand how these shape their professional ethos and practice habits.
(1) Present development and assessment of the Pharmacy Service Orientation (PSO) measure, a tool for assessing pharmacists' impressions of pharmacy practice sites. (2) Use data gathered from a sample of new pharmacists to explore potential predictors of PSO, including type of practice site, type of pharmacy work experience, and type of pharmacy degree.
Mail survey of randomly selected class of 1999 pharmacy graduates within 3 months of graduation (response rate: 259 of 1,850; 14%), each of whom reported on up to 6 different pharmacy practice sites for a total of 1,192 pharmacy observations. Pharmacy Service Orientation is scored on a 1-10 semantic differential scale and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Predictors of PSO were explored using t test and ordinary least squares regression procedures.
Reliability of the PSO across all observations was 0.86. When divided according to recency of experience and type of experience, reliabilities ranged from 0.78 to 0.87. Analysis of potential predictors of PSO showed that non-corporate-community sites had significantly greater pharmaceutical care-oriented cultures (mean PSOs of 7.42 and 5.13, respectively; P<.001). The same pattern was seen for academic and nonacademic worksites (mean PSOs of 7.46 and 6.01, respectively; P<.001). The pharmacist's pharmacy degree type was not predictive of PSO. Multivariate regression results showed that type of practice site and type of pharmacy work experience explained more than 25% of the observed variance in PSO.
Pharmacy Service Orientation is a reliable measure. Statistically significant differences in PSO comparisons by degree and by experience type are explained by significant differences between the PSOs of corporate-community and non-corporate-community sites.
组织文化在塑造日常组织生活中的重要性已得到广泛认可，但很少有研究关注药学领域的组织文化。考察新药剂师在不同实践场所的经历，可能有助于我们理解这些经历如何塑造他们的职业精神和实践习惯。
（1）介绍药学服务导向（PSO）测量工具的开发与评估，该工具用于评估药剂师对药学实践场所的印象。（2）利用从新药剂师样本中收集的数据，探索PSO的潜在预测因素，包括实践场所类型、药学工作经验类型和药学学位类型。
对随机抽取的1999级药学专业毕业生在毕业后3个月内进行邮件调查（回复率：1850人中的259人，即14%），每位毕业生报告多达6个不同的药学实践场所，共计1192次药学观察。药学服务导向采用1 - 10语义差异量表评分，并使用克朗巴哈系数评估信度。使用t检验和普通最小二乘法回归程序探索PSO的预测因素。
所有观察结果中PSO的信度为0.86。根据经验的新近程度和经验类型划分时，信度范围为0.78至0.87。对PSO潜在预测因素的分析表明，非企业社区场所具有显著更强的以药学服务为导向的文化（平均PSO分别为7.42和5.13；P <.001）。学术和非学术工作场所也呈现相同模式（平均PSO分别为7.46和6.01；P <.001）。药剂师的药学学位类型不是PSO的预测因素。多元回归结果表明，实践场所类型和药学工作经验类型解释了PSO中观察到的方差的25%以上。
药学服务导向是一种可靠的测量方法。企业社区场所和非企业社区场所的PSO存在显著差异，这解释了按学位和经验类型进行的PSO比较中具有统计学意义的差异。
