Jabba Sairam V, Oelke Alisha, Singh Ruchira, Maganti Rajanikanth J, Fleming Sherry, Wall Susan M, Everett Lorraine A, Green Eric D, Wangemann Philine
Anatomy & Physiology Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
BMC Med. 2006 Dec 22;4:37. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-4-37.
Pendred syndrome, an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by deafness and goiter, is caused by a mutation of SLC26A4, which codes for the anion exchanger pendrin. We investigated the relationship between pendrin expression and deafness using mice that have (Slc26a4+/+ or Slc26a4+/-) or lack (Slc26a4-/-) a complete Slc26a4 gene. Previously, we reported that stria vascularis of adult Slc26a4-/- mice is hyperpigmented and that marginal cells appear disorganized. Here we determine the time course of hyperpigmentation and marginal cell disorganization, and test the hypothesis that inflammation contributes to this tissue degeneration.
Slc26a4-/- and age-matched control (Slc26a4+/+ or Slc26a4+/-) mice were studied at four postnatal (P) developmental stages: before and after the age that marks the onset of hearing (P10 and P15, respectively), after weaning (P28-41) and adult (P74-170). Degeneration and hyperpigmentation stria vascularis was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Gene expression in stria vascularis was analyzed by microarray and quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, the expression of a select group of genes was quantified in spiral ligament, spleen and liver to evaluate whether expression changes seen in stria vascularis are specific for stria vascularis or systemic in nature.
Degeneration of stria vascularis defined as hyperpigmentation and marginal cells disorganization was not seen at P10 or P15, but occurred after weaning and was associated with staining for CD68, a marker for macrophages. Marginal cells in Slc26a4-/-, however, had a larger apical surface area at P10 and P15. No difference in the expression of Lyzs, C3 and Cd45 was found in stria vascularis of P15 Slc26a4+/- and Slc26a4-/- mice. However, differences in expression were found after weaning and in adult mice. No difference in the expression of markers for acute inflammation, including Il1a, Il6, Il12a, Nos2 and Nos3 were found at P15, after weaning or in adults. The expression of macrophage markers including Ptprc (= Cd45), Cd68, Cd83, Lyzs, Lgals3 (= Mac2 antigen), Msr2, Cathepsins B, S, and K (Ctsb, Ctss, Ctsk) and complement components C1r, C3 and C4 was significantly increased in stria vascularis of adult Slc26a4-/- mice compared to Slc26a4+/+ mice. Expression of macrophage markers Cd45 and Cd84 and complement components C1r and C3 was increased in stria vascularis but not in spiral ligament, liver or spleen of Slc26a4-/- compared to Slc26a4+/- mice. The expression of Lyzs was increased in stria vascularis and spiral ligament but not in liver or spleen.
The data demonstrate that hyperpigmentation of stria vascularis and marginal cell reorganization in Slc26a4-/- mice occur after weaning, coinciding with an invasion of macrophages. The data suggest that macrophage invasion contributes to tissue degeneration in stria vascularis, and that macrophage invasion is restricted to stria vascularis and is not systemic in nature. The delayed onset of degeneration of stria vascularis suggests that a window of opportunity exists to restore/preserve hearing in mice and therefore possibly in humans suffering from Pendred syndrome.
彭德莱德综合征是一种常染色体隐性疾病,其特征为耳聋和甲状腺肿,由编码阴离子交换蛋白pendrin的SLC26A4基因突变引起。我们利用具有完整Slc26a4基因(Slc26a4+/+或Slc26a4+/-)或缺乏该基因(Slc26a4-/-)的小鼠,研究了pendrin表达与耳聋之间的关系。此前,我们报道成年Slc26a4-/-小鼠的血管纹色素沉着过度,边缘细胞出现紊乱。在此,我们确定色素沉着过度和边缘细胞紊乱的时间进程,并检验炎症导致这种组织退化的假说。
在四个出生后(P)发育阶段研究Slc26a4-/-小鼠和年龄匹配的对照小鼠(Slc26a4+/+或Slc26a4+/-):听力开始之前和之后(分别为P10和P15)、断奶后(P28 - 41)以及成年期(P74 - 170)。通过共聚焦显微镜评估血管纹的退化和色素沉着过度情况。通过微阵列和定量RT-PCR分析血管纹中的基因表达。此外,对螺旋韧带、脾脏和肝脏中一组选定基因的表达进行定量,以评估在血管纹中观察到的表达变化是血管纹特有的还是全身性的。
在P10或P15时未观察到定义为色素沉着过度和边缘细胞紊乱的血管纹退化,但在断奶后出现,且与巨噬细胞标志物CD68的染色相关。然而,在P10和P15时,Slc26a4-/-小鼠的边缘细胞顶端表面积更大。在P15的Slc26a4+/-和Slc26a4-/-小鼠的血管纹中,未发现Lyzs、C3和Cd45表达有差异。然而,在断奶后和成年小鼠中发现了表达差异。在P15、断奶后或成年期,未发现包括Il1a、Il6、Il12a、Nos2和Nos3在内的急性炎症标志物表达有差异。与Slc26a4+/+小鼠相比,成年Slc26a4-/-小鼠血管纹中巨噬细胞标志物包括Ptprc(= Cd45)、Cd68、Cd83、Lyzs、Lgals3(= Mac2抗原)、Msr2、组织蛋白酶B、S和K(Ctsb、Ctss、Ctsk)以及补体成分C1r、C3和C4的表达显著增加。与Slc26a4+/-小鼠相比,Slc26a4-/-小鼠血管纹中巨噬细胞标志物Cd45和Cd84以及补体成分C1r和C3的表达增加,但在螺旋韧带、肝脏或脾脏中未增加。Lyzs的表达在血管纹和螺旋韧带中增加,但在肝脏或脾脏中未增加。
数据表明,Slc26a4-/-小鼠血管纹色素沉着过度和边缘细胞重组在断奶后出现,与巨噬细胞浸润同时发生。数据提示巨噬细胞浸润导致血管纹组织退化,且巨噬细胞浸润仅限于血管纹,并非全身性的。血管纹退化的延迟发生表明存在恢复/保留小鼠听力的机会窗口,因此对于患有彭德莱德综合征的人类可能也存在这样的机会。