Fujiwara Nagatoshi, Kobayashi Kazuo
Department of Host Defense, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005 Jun;4(3):281-6. doi: 10.2174/1568010054022024.
The inflammatory process is usually tightly regulated, involving both signals that initiate and maintain inflammation and signals that shut the process down. An imbalance between the two signals leaves inflammation unchecked, resulting in cellular and tissue damage. Macrophages are a major component of the mononuclear phagocyte system that consists of closely related cells of bone marrow origin, including blood monocytes, and tissue macrophages. From the blood, monocytes migrate into various tissues and transform macrophages. In inflammation, macrophages have three major function; antigen presentation, phagocytosis, and immunomodulation through production of various cytokines and growth factors. Macrophages play a critical role in the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of inflammation. They are activated and deactivated in the inflammatory process. Activation signals include cytokines (interferon gamma, granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), bacterial lipopolysaccharide, extracellular matrix proteins, and other chemical mediators. Inhibition of inflammation by removal or deactivation of mediators and inflammatory effector cells permits the host to repair damages tissues. Activated macrophages are deactivated by anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta) and cytokine antagonists that are mainly produced by macrophages. Macrophages participate in the autoregulatory loop in the inflammatory process. Because macrophages produce a wide range of biologically active molecules participated in both beneficial and detrimental outcomes in inflammation, therapeutic interventions targeted macrophages and their products may open new avenues for controlling inflammatory diseases.
炎症过程通常受到严格调控，涉及启动和维持炎症的信号以及终止该过程的信号。这两种信号之间的失衡会导致炎症失控，进而造成细胞和组织损伤。巨噬细胞是单核吞噬细胞系统的主要组成部分，该系统由起源于骨髓的密切相关细胞组成，包括血液单核细胞和组织巨噬细胞。单核细胞从血液中迁移到各种组织并转变为巨噬细胞。在炎症中，巨噬细胞具有三大主要功能：抗原呈递、吞噬作用以及通过产生各种细胞因子和生长因子进行免疫调节。巨噬细胞在炎症的起始、维持和消退过程中发挥着关键作用。它们在炎症过程中被激活和失活。激活信号包括细胞因子（干扰素γ、粒细胞-单核细胞集落刺激因子和肿瘤坏死因子α）、细菌脂多糖、细胞外基质蛋白和其他化学介质。通过去除或失活介质和炎症效应细胞来抑制炎症，可使宿主修复受损组织。活化的巨噬细胞会被抗炎细胞因子（白细胞介素10和转化生长因子β）以及主要由巨噬细胞产生的细胞因子拮抗剂失活。巨噬细胞参与炎症过程中的自我调节循环。由于巨噬细胞产生多种参与炎症中有益和有害结果的生物活性分子，针对巨噬细胞及其产物的治疗干预可能为控制炎症性疾病开辟新途径。
