Fromme H
Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Sachgebiet Umweltmedizin, Oberschleissheim.
Gesundheitswesen. 2006 Nov;68(11):714-23. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-927248.
Numerous epidemiological studies have been carried out during the last decades which have demonstrated an association between the pollution of outside air with toxic substances and the occurrence of health-related effects. Against the background of these findings, particularly in recent years, the focus of research has clearly shifted towards particulate matter (PM), notable fine and ultrafine particles. While diverse measurements of PM in the outside air have been conducted, only few data on indoor air pollution are available. The concentration of PM in the indoor environment is highly variable in time and space due to various influencing factors like type of the source, building and room characteristics, the activities of users and the airing behaviour. In this article we aim to summarise and discuss the exposure situation regarding PM in indoor environments. In residences, European studies have found mean PM (2.5) values between 10 and 87 microg/m (3). Especially in smokers' homes, a high background level was observed, reaching very high concentrations of some hundred microg/m (3) when active smoking took place. There are some studies on air quality in schools and similar public places which show that exposure to particulate matter in these environments is high. The main causes of this situation appear to be an insufficient ventilation routine as well as the low frequency and quality of cleaning. In combination with the high number of pupils in relation to room area and volume and their sometimes high physical activity, this leads to a continued resuspension of particles from the room's surfaces. A very high concentration of PM can be observed in those recreational places where smoking is not prohibited, such as discotheques, pubs and restaurants. Here, the mean PM values can reach some hundred microg/m (3). Specific strategies are necessary to especially protect the health of non-smokers in such places. Further investigations are needed to characterise the composition of indoor particles and their toxicological properties compared to particles from outdoor origin.
在过去几十年里开展了大量流行病学研究，这些研究表明室外空气污染与有毒物质和健康相关影响的发生之间存在关联。基于这些研究结果，尤其是近年来，研究重点已明显转向颗粒物（PM），特别是细颗粒物和超细颗粒物。虽然已经对室外空气中的PM进行了各种测量，但关于室内空气污染的数据却很少。由于源类型、建筑物和房间特征、使用者活动以及通风行为等各种影响因素，室内环境中PM的浓度在时间和空间上变化很大。在本文中，我们旨在总结和讨论室内环境中PM的暴露情况。在住宅方面，欧洲的研究发现PM（2.5）的平均值在10至87微克/立方米之间。特别是在吸烟者家中，观察到背景水平较高，在进行主动吸烟时，某些物质的浓度会达到每立方米数百微克的非常高的水平。有一些关于学校和类似公共场所空气质量的研究表明，这些环境中的颗粒物暴露水平很高。造成这种情况的主要原因似乎是通风程序不足以及清洁频率和质量较低。再加上相对于房间面积和体积而言学生数量众多以及他们有时较高的身体活动水平，这导致颗粒物不断从房间表面重新悬浮起来。在那些不禁止吸烟的娱乐场所，如迪斯科舞厅、酒吧和餐馆，可以观察到非常高的PM浓度。在这里，PM的平均值可达每立方米数百微克。需要采取特定策略来特别保护这些场所中不吸烟者的健康。与来自室外的颗粒物相比，还需要进一步研究来确定室内颗粒物的成分及其毒理学特性。
