Smith J E, Challen M P, White P F, Edmondson R N, Chandler D
Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK.
Bull Entomol Res. 2006 Dec;96(6):565-71. doi: 10.1017/ber2006458.
Twelve isolates from the genus Agaricus (Fungi, Basidiomycota) were investigated for their ability to support development of the phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), which is an important pest of the commercial white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Combined effects of oviposition of adult female M. halterata and larval development in mushroom compost inoculated with Agaricus mycelium were determined using bioassays. The numbers of M. halterata offspring that developed were affected by the Agaricus isolate used, and there was a significant separation between resistant and susceptible isolates. In a bioassay where the female phorids had a choice of all 12 isolates for oviposition, three isolates produced >200 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remaining nine isolates had <20 adults per pot. Where there was no choice of Agaricus isolate for oviposition, five isolates resulted in >100 adults per 100 g compost pot while the remainder resulted in <4 adults per pot. With the susceptible isolates, there was a positive correlation between increasing concentration of mycelium in the substrate and phorid development until the concentration exceeded 40% after which numbers of emerging phorids declined. Genetic identity of Agaricus isolates was determined using ITS sequencing and phylogenetic methods, which revealed two major cluster groups. Isolates supporting the development of large populations of M. halterata were located in one of these clusters (group I), and were either Agaricus bisporus or other species from the same Agaricus section Duploannulatae. Isolates that did not support the development of M. halterata populations were located in a different cluster (group II) and were more genetically distant from A. bisporus, e.g. Agaricus sections Arvenses, Minores and Xanthodermatei. Species of Agaricus with resistance to M. halterata could have significant potential for the breeding and cultivation of phorid-free mushrooms.
对12种伞菌属（真菌，担子菌门）的分离菌株进行了研究，以考察它们支持蚤蝇Megaselia halterata（伍德）发育的能力，该蚤蝇是商业白蘑菇双孢蘑菇的一种重要害虫。通过生物测定法确定了成年雌性M. halterata产卵和在接种了伞菌菌丝体的蘑菇堆肥中幼虫发育的综合影响。发育出的M. halterata后代数量受到所用伞菌分离菌株的影响，抗性和敏感菌株之间存在显著差异。在一项生物测定中，雌性蚤蝇可在所有12种分离菌株中选择产卵，三种分离菌株每100克堆肥盆中产成虫>200只，而其余九种分离菌株每盆成虫<20只。在没有选择伞菌分离菌株进行产卵的情况下，五种分离菌株每100克堆肥盆中产成虫>100只，其余的每盆成虫<4只。对于敏感菌株，底物中菌丝体浓度增加与蚤蝇发育之间存在正相关，直到浓度超过40%，之后羽化的蚤蝇数量下降。使用ITS测序和系统发育方法确定了伞菌分离菌株的遗传同一性，结果显示有两个主要聚类组。支持大量M. halterata发育的分离菌株位于其中一个聚类（第一组）中，它们要么是双孢蘑菇，要么是来自同一双环蘑菇组的其他物种。不支持M. halterata种群发育的分离菌株位于另一个聚类（第二组）中，并且在遗传上与双孢蘑菇的距离更远，例如田野蘑菇组、小蘑菇组和黄皮蘑菇组。对M. halterata具有抗性的伞菌物种在培育无蚤蝇蘑菇方面可能具有巨大潜力。
