Bedard Karen, Krause Karl-Heinz
Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Physiol Rev. 2007 Jan;87(1):245-313. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005.
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
长期以来，NADPH氧化酶产生超氧化物被认为是仅在专职吞噬细胞中发现的一种奇特现象。在过去几年中，发现了吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶细胞色素亚基的六个同源物：NOX1、NOX3、NOX4、NOX5、DUOX1和DUOX2。这些同源物与吞噬细胞NADPH氧化酶本身（NOX2/gp91(phox)）一起，现在被称为NADPH氧化酶的NOX家族。这些酶具有跨质膜转运电子并产生超氧化物和其他下游活性氧（ROS）的能力。该家族不同成员的激活机制和组织分布明显不同。NOX家族酶的生理功能包括宿主防御、蛋白质的翻译后加工、细胞信号传导、基因表达调控和细胞分化。NOX酶也参与多种病理过程。NOX缺乏可能导致免疫抑制、耳石生成缺乏或甲状腺功能减退。NOX活性增加也会导致大量疾病，特别是心血管疾病和神经退行性变。本综述总结了目前关于NOX酶在生理和病理功能方面的知识现状。
