Blödner C, Goebel C, Feussner I, Gatz C, Polle A
Institut für Forstbotanik, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen, Germany.
Plant Cell Environ. 2007 Feb;30(2):165-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01615.x.
Conditions in the parental environment during reproduction can affect the performance of the progenies. The goals of this study were to investigate whether warm or cold temperatures in the parental environment during flowering and seed development affect Arabidopsis thaliana seed properties, growth performance, reproduction and stress tolerance of the progenies, and to find candidate genes for progeny-related differences in stress responsiveness. Parental plants were raised at 20 degrees C and maintained from bolting to seed maturity at warm (25 degrees C) or cold (15 degrees C) temperatures. Analysis of seed properties revealed significant increases in nitrogen in seeds from warm temperature and significant increases in lipids and in the ratio of alpha-linolenic to oleic acid in seeds from the cold parental environment. Progenies of the warm parental environment showed faster germination rates, faster root elongation growth, higher leaf biomass and increased seed production at various temperatures compared with those from the cold parental environment. This indicates that under stable environmental conditions, progenies from warm parental environments had a clear adaptive advantage over those from cold parental environments. This parental effect was presumably transmitted by the higher nitrogen content of the seeds developed in warm conditions. When offspring from parents grown at different temperatures were exposed to chilling or freezing stress, photosynthetic yield recovered faster in progenies originating from cold parental environments. Cold acclimation involved up-regulation of transcripts of flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and pseudo response regulator 9 (PRR9) and down-regulation of growth-associated transcription factors (TFs) NAP and AP2domain containing RAP2.3. NAP, a regulator of senescence, and PRR9, a temperature-sensitive modulator of the circadian clock, were probably involved in mediating parent-of-origin effects, because they showed progeny-related expression differences under chilling. Because low temperatures also delay senescence, cold responsiveness of NAP suggests that this factor is linked with the regulatory network that is important for environmental acclimation of plants.
繁殖期间亲代环境中的条件会影响子代的表现。本研究的目的是调查开花和种子发育期间亲代环境中的温暖或寒冷温度是否会影响拟南芥种子特性、子代的生长表现、繁殖能力和胁迫耐受性，并寻找子代在胁迫反应性方面相关差异的候选基因。亲代植株在20摄氏度下培养，并在温暖（25摄氏度）或寒冷（15摄氏度）温度下从抽薹到种子成熟进行维持培养。种子特性分析显示，温暖温度下种子中的氮显著增加，而寒冷亲代环境下种子中的脂质以及α-亚麻酸与油酸的比例显著增加。与寒冷亲代环境下的子代相比，温暖亲代环境下的子代在各种温度下均表现出更快的发芽率、更快的根伸长生长、更高的叶片生物量以及增加的种子产量。这表明在稳定的环境条件下，温暖亲代环境下的子代比寒冷亲代环境下的子代具有明显的适应性优势。这种亲代效应可能是由温暖条件下发育的种子中较高的氮含量传递的。当来自不同温度下生长的亲代植株的后代受到冷害或冻害胁迫时，源自寒冷亲代环境的子代的光合产量恢复得更快。冷驯化涉及黄烷酮3-羟化酶（F3H）和伪反应调节因子9（PRR9）转录本的上调以及生长相关转录因子（TFs）衰老相关蛋白（NAP）和含AP2结构域的RAP2.3的下调。衰老调节因子NAP和生物钟的温度敏感调节因子PRR9可能参与介导亲本来源效应，因为它们在冷害条件下表现出与子代相关的表达差异。由于低温也会延迟衰老，NAP的冷反应性表明该因子与对植物环境驯化很重要的调控网络有关。
