Morphology and electrophysiological properties of hamster spinal dorsal horn neurons that express VGLUT2 and enkephalin.

The excitatory amino acid glutamate mediates transmission at spinal synapses, including those formed by sensory afferent fibers and by intrinsic interneurons. The identity and physiological properties of glutamatergic dorsal horn neurons are poorly characterized despite their importance in spinal sensory circuits. Moreover, many intrinsic spinal glutamatergic synapses colocalize the opioid peptide enkephalin (ENK), but the neurons to which they belong are yet to be identified. Therefore, we used immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy to investigate expression of the VGLUT2 vesicular glutamate transporter, an isoform reported in nonprimary afferent spinal synapses, and ENK in electrophysiologically identified neurons of hamster spinal dorsal horn. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was localized in restricted fashion to axon varicosities of neurons recorded from laminae II-V, although the occurrence of immunolabeling in individual varicosities varied widely between cells (39 +/- 36%, n = 31 neurons). ENK colocalized with VGLUT2 in up to 77% of varicosities (17 +/- 21%, n = 21 neurons). The majority of neurons expressing VGLUT2 and/or ENK had axons with dense local terminations or projections consistent with propriospinal functions. VGLUT2 and ENK labeling were not correlated with cellular morphology, intrinsic membrane properties, firing patterns, or synaptic responses to sensory afferent stimulation. However, VGLUT2 expression was significantly higher in neurons with depolarized resting membrane potential. The results are new evidence for a population of dual-function dorsal horn interneurons that might provide another mechanism for limiting excitation within dorsal horn circuits during periods of strong sensory activation.