Wauchope R D, Buttler T M, Hornsby A G, Augustijn-Beckers P W, Burt J P
USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, Georgia 31793.
Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 1992;123:1-155.
The only thing all pesticides have in common is that they are used to control pests. Otherwise, they come from almost every imaginable class of chemical. Everyone associated with pesticide use--farmers, Extension, EPA, state regulatory agencies, manufacturers, and environmentalists--needs information that will allow them to distinguish between pesticides that may be a problem as pollutants in certain situations, and those which may not. There are five basic properties that, when combined with information about site and use, provide much information about the potential of a pesticide to be a pollutant. These five properties are solubility in water, volatility, soil sorption tendency, persistence, and ionization potential. We have compiled the most complete collection of these properties available, using others' compilations but verifying values from the primary literature in many cases. A complete primary literature search was not done. For each parameter we suggest a "Selected Value" which we believe to be the best available, recognizing, however, that persistence and soil sorption are sensitive to specific site conditions. These Selected Values are being incorporated into pesticide environmental-impact risk assessment procedures by state and federal agencies, and are considered to be consensus values. However, there is a serious potential for misuse of these data, particularly the error of using small differences between active ingredients to make regulatory distinctions between them. The ability to relate these data to environmental impact is an essential need and is improving, but is currently at a primitive level.
所有农药唯一的共同点就是它们都用于控制害虫。除此之外，它们几乎来自每一类可以想象到的化学物质。与农药使用相关的每一个人——农民、推广人员、美国环境保护局、州监管机构、制造商和环保主义者——都需要信息，以便他们能够区分在某些情况下可能成为污染物问题的农药和那些可能不会成为污染物问题的农药。有五个基本特性，当与有关地点和用途的信息相结合时，就能提供很多关于一种农药成为污染物可能性的信息。这五个特性是在水中的溶解度、挥发性、土壤吸附倾向、持久性和电离势。我们利用其他人的汇编成果，在很多情况下从原始文献中核实数据值，汇编了这些特性可获得的最完整的集合。我们没有进行全面的原始文献搜索。对于每个参数，我们都给出一个“选定值”，我们认为这是现有的最佳值，不过要认识到，持久性和土壤吸附对特定的地点条件很敏感。这些选定值正被州和联邦机构纳入农药环境影响风险评估程序，并被视为共识值。然而，这些数据存在被严重滥用的可能性，尤其是利用活性成分之间的微小差异在它们之间进行监管区分的错误。将这些数据与环境影响联系起来的能力是一项至关重要的需求，并且正在不断提高，但目前仍处于初级阶段。
