Karlsson D, Peterson B
Center for Biomechanics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
J Biomech. 1992 Feb;25(2):189-99. doi: 10.1016/0021-9290(92)90275-6.
In this paper the concept of a three-dimensional biomechanical model of the human shoulder is introduced. This model is used to analyze static load sharing between the muscles, the bones and the ligaments. The model consists of all shoulder structures, which means that different positions and different load situations may be analyzed using the same model. Solutions can be found for the complete range of shoulder motion. However, this article focuses only on elevation in the scapular plane and on forces in structures attached to the humerus. The intention is to expand the model in future studies to also involve the forces acting on the other shoulder bones: the scapula and the clavicle. The musculoskeletal forces in the shoulder complex are predicted utilizing the optimization technique with the sum of squared muscle stresses as an objective function. Numerical results predict that among the muscles crossing the glenohumeral joint parts of the deltoideus, the infraspinatus, the supraspinatus, the subscapularis, the pectoralis major, the coracobrachialis and the biceps are the muscles most activated during this sort of abduction. Muscle-force levels reached values of 150 N when the hand load was 1 kg. The results from the model seem to be qualitatively accurate, but it is concluded that in the future development of the model the direction of the contact force in the glenohumeral joint must be constrained.
本文介绍了人体肩部三维生物力学模型的概念。该模型用于分析肌肉、骨骼和韧带之间的静态负荷分担情况。该模型包含了所有肩部结构，这意味着可以使用同一个模型来分析不同的位置和不同的负荷情况。对于肩部运动的整个范围都能找到解决方案。然而，本文仅关注肩胛平面内的抬高以及附着于肱骨的结构中的力。目的是在未来的研究中扩展该模型，使其也能涉及作用于其他肩部骨骼（肩胛骨和锁骨）的力。利用优化技术，以肌肉应力平方和为目标函数，预测肩部复合体中的肌肉骨骼力。数值结果预测，在跨越盂肱关节的肌肉中，三角肌、冈下肌、冈上肌、肩胛下肌、胸大肌、肱二头肌和喙肱肌的部分在这种外展过程中最活跃。当手部负荷为1千克时，肌肉力水平达到150牛。模型结果在定性上似乎是准确的，但得出结论，在模型的未来发展中，盂肱关节处接触力的方向必须受到约束。
