de Groot J H, Brand R
Department of Measurement and Control, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2001 Nov;16(9):735-43. doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(01)00065-1.
The development of a thorax-fixed regression model for the shoulder which statistically predicts the orientation of the clavicle and the scapula from the humerus orientation.
The application of three-dimensional position recording systems to the shoulder mechanism is limited to laboratory conditions. Studies in the field of ergonomics and sports require a method that can be applied in situ. It was found that the relation between the scapular and the humeral motions is consistent. In order to facilitate the biomechanical research on the shoulder a descriptive statistical model of the shoulder rhythm was developed.
The orientation of the shoulder bones of 10 subjects was determined in a large range of 23 humerus positions. The elbow was flexed in a splint and the arm was fully supported. The subjects exerted a 20 N external abduction and adduction force at the elbow in a plane perpendicular to the humerus. Other forces and moments were mechanically minimized. During the task the postures of the shoulder were recorded. The linear regression equations for the clavicular and scapular orientations were determined by means of a repeated measurements multi-variate analysis of variance for the co-variates: humerus orientation, initial orientation of the clavicle and the scapula, external force direction, gender and morphological characteristics of the subjects.
The orientation of the clavicle and the scapula was predicted by five linear regression equations, including the co-variates: humerus orientation, external force direction and initial position. Morphology and gender did not significantly contribute to the clavicular and scapular orientation predictions.
A statistical model is developed for the prediction of clavicular and scapular orientations, based on the humerus position, the initial posture and the direction of the external force. The model fitted well on an independent set of recorded position data for a different group of subjects.
Morphological data of the shoulder girdle and gender did not significantly contribute to the model structure.
开发一种用于肩部的胸廓固定回归模型，该模型可根据肱骨的方向从统计学角度预测锁骨和肩胛骨的方向。
三维位置记录系统在肩部机制中的应用仅限于实验室条件。人体工程学和运动领域的研究需要一种可现场应用的方法。研究发现肩胛骨和肱骨运动之间的关系是一致的。为了便于对肩部进行生物力学研究，开发了一种肩部节律的描述性统计模型。
在23个肱骨位置的较大范围内确定了10名受试者肩部骨骼的方向。肘部用夹板固定并充分支撑手臂。受试者在与肱骨垂直的平面内，在肘部施加20 N的外展和内收力。其他力和力矩通过机械方式降至最低。在任务过程中记录肩部的姿势。通过对协变量（肱骨方向、锁骨和肩胛骨的初始方向、外力方向、性别以及受试者的形态特征）进行重复测量多变量方差分析，确定锁骨和肩胛骨方向的线性回归方程。
通过五个线性回归方程预测锁骨和肩胛骨的方向，这些方程包括协变量：肱骨方向、外力方向和初始位置。形态和性别对锁骨和肩胛骨方向的预测没有显著贡献。
基于肱骨位置、初始姿势和外力方向，开发了一种用于预测锁骨和肩胛骨方向的统计模型。该模型在另一组不同受试者的独立记录位置数据上拟合良好。
肩胛带的形态数据和性别对模型结构没有显著贡献。
