Fisher Philip A, Gunnar Megan R, Dozier Mary, Bruce Jacqueline, Pears Katherine C
Oregon Social Learning Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd., Eugene, OR 97401-4928, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1094:215-25. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.023.
Young children in foster care are exposed to high levels of stress. These experiences place foster children at risk for poor social, academic, and mental heath outcomes. The role of adverse events in stimulating neurobiological stress responses presumably plays a role in shaping neural systems that contribute to these problems. Systematic and developmentally well-timed interventions might have the potential to change developmental trajectories and promote resilience. Moreover, understanding how specific dimensions of early adversity affect underlying stress response systems and how alterations in these systems are related to later psychosocial outcomes might facilitate more precise and targeted interventions. Data are drawn from two ongoing randomized trials involving foster infants/toddlers and preschoolers. Consistent with prior animal models of early adversity, these studies have shown that early adversity-particularly neglect, younger age at first foster placement, and higher number of placements-is associated with altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. The interventions under investigation have produced evidence that it is possible to impact many areas that have been negatively affected by early stress, including HPA axis activity, behavior, and attachment to caregivers.
寄养环境中的幼儿面临着高度压力。这些经历使寄养儿童面临社交、学业和心理健康状况不佳的风险。不良事件在刺激神经生物学应激反应中的作用可能在塑造导致这些问题的神经系统方面发挥了作用。系统且时机恰当的干预措施可能有改变发展轨迹并促进恢复力的潜力。此外，了解早期逆境的特定维度如何影响潜在的应激反应系统，以及这些系统的改变如何与后期的心理社会结果相关联，可能有助于更精确、有针对性的干预。数据来自两项正在进行的涉及寄养婴幼儿和学龄前儿童的随机试验。与先前早期逆境的动物模型一致，这些研究表明，早期逆境——尤其是忽视、首次寄养时年龄较小以及寄养次数较多——与下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴功能改变有关。正在研究的干预措施已证明，有可能对许多受到早期压力负面影响的领域产生影响，包括HPA轴活动、行为以及与照顾者的依恋关系。
