Arnone Russell D, Walling Joyce Perdek
USEPA Region 2, Division of Science and Assessment, Edison, NJ 08837, USA.
J Water Health. 2007 Mar;5(1):149-62. doi: 10.2166/wh.2006.001.
A serious concern for managers of water resources, pathogens in the urban environment easily enter waters through a number of pathways, including discharge of inadequately treated sewage, stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflows and sanitary sewer overflows. Pathogens in US ambient water bodies are regulated under the Clean Water Act (CWA), while pathogens in drinking water supplies are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) are developed in accordance with CWA regulations for ambient water bodies with bacterial concentrations exceeding the water quality standard, which generally is a measure of a bacterial indicator organism. However, developing a TMDL for a supplementary indicator or pathogen is also required if a use impairment would still exist even after the water body is in compliance with the standard. This occurs because indicator organisms do not reflect the presence of pathogen contamination with complete certainty. The evaluation of pathogen indicators and summary of epidemiological studies presented are resources for those developing TMDLs to achieve water quality standards and restore water bodies to their intended uses.
城市环境中的病原体很容易通过多种途径进入水体，这是水资源管理者严重关切的问题，这些途径包括未经充分处理的污水排放、雨水径流、合流制下水道溢流和卫生下水道溢流。美国环境水体中的病原体受《清洁水法》（CWA）监管，而饮用水供应中的病原体受《安全饮用水法》监管。对于细菌浓度超过水质标准的环境水体，会根据《清洁水法》的规定制定总最大日负荷量（TMDL），水质标准通常是对一种细菌指示生物的度量。然而，如果即使水体符合标准后仍存在使用功能受损的情况，那么也需要为补充性指示物或病原体制定TMDL。出现这种情况是因为指示生物并不能完全确定地反映病原体污染的存在。所呈现的病原体指标评估和流行病学研究总结，可供那些制定TMDL以达到水质标准并使水体恢复其预期用途的人员参考。
