Jardim José R, Nascimento Oliver
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center at Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Chron Respir Dis. 2007;4(1):45-9. doi: 10.1177/1479972306075302.
According to the Brazilian Constitution each and every Brazilian has the right to free healthcare. Approximately 40% of the population have taken out a private or company funded health care program. Brazil is the world's largest producer of alcohol derived from sugar cane and the burning of the sugar cane leaves produces a large amount of fine and ultrafine particles what increases the relative risk of hospital admissions by children increases 3.5-fold due to respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ranks as the sixth greatest cause of death in Brazil, with a prevalence of 15.8% according to the fixed-ratio FEV1/FVC = 0.70 (PLATINO Study). The occurrence of wheezing in 13-14-year-old children over the last 12 months was 20%, while asthma diagnosed by a doctor was at around 10% (ISAAC Study). Mortality from asthma has decreased from 2.2/ 100,000 in 1980 to 1.37 in 1996, with currently 2500 deaths/year. Smoking is decreasing in Brazil; 32.6% of the adult population were smokers in 1989 while in 2002, a randomized survey carried out in over 107 Brazilian cities with a population of 200 thousand or over showed that the smoking population over 35 years of age had decreased to 24% (17% of overall population). Approximately one-third of the Brazilian population has been infected by the tuberculosis bacillus and estimates agree that there are 116, 000 new cases per year but that only 90,000 are reported. Furthermore Brazil is ranked 14th in the world in the number of tuberculosis cases and the 22nd in incidence. A Family Health Program was created in 1994 and in 2005 there were 24,600 Family Health Teams functioning in Brazil, covering a total of 4986 cities, corresponding to approximately 45% of the 180 million Brazilian population.
根据巴西宪法，每一位巴西公民都有权享受免费医疗。约40%的人口购买了个人或由公司资助的医疗保健计划。巴西是世界上最大的甘蔗酒精生产国，甘蔗叶燃烧会产生大量细颗粒物和超细颗粒物，这使得儿童因呼吸系统疾病入院的相对风险增加3.5倍。根据固定比值FEV1/FVC = 0.70（PLATINO研究），慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是巴西第六大死因，患病率为15.8%。在过去12个月里，13至14岁儿童中出现喘息症状的比例为20%，而经医生诊断为哮喘的比例约为10%（国际儿童哮喘和过敏研究）。哮喘死亡率已从1980年的2.2/10万降至1996年的1.37，目前每年有2500人死亡。巴西的吸烟率在下降；1989年，32.6%的成年人口吸烟，而在2002年，对巴西107个城市中人口超过20万的城市进行的一项随机调查显示，35岁以上的吸烟人口已降至24%（占总人口的17%）。约三分之一的巴西人口感染过结核杆菌，据估计每年有11.6万新病例，但仅报告9万例。此外，巴西的结核病病例数在世界上排名第14，发病率排名第22。1994年设立了家庭健康计划，2005年巴西有24600个家庭健康团队在运作，覆盖4986个城市，约占1.8亿巴西人口的45%。
