Ducharme N G, Arighi M, Horney F D, Livesey M A, Hurtig M H, Pennock P
Can Vet J. 1987 Dec;28(12):757-62.
A prospective study was performed to identify the nature and management of teat abnormalities in cows presented to a referral teaching hospital during a three year period. All cattle (n = 60) admitted to the Ontario Veterinary College for teat problems were evaluated by physical examination; in 53 teats, contrast radiography or xeroradiography were obtained. Surgery was performed on 52 teats from 51 cows and a prosthesis was implanted in 27 teats. Short term (under two weeks) complications included intraoperative bleeding (n = 6), milk leakage through the incision (n = 4), and failure to milk by machine in 26 cases. Histopathological diagnosis of sections taken from obstructive lesions included fibrous tissue (n = 8), normal mammary tissue (n = 3), fibropapilloma, mammary polyps, and inflamed mucosa (one each). The lesion could be classified into five types: 1) focal teat cistern obstruction, 2) diffuse teat cistern obstruction, 3) membranous obstruction, 4) diffuse teat and gland cistern obstruction, or 5) leakage of milk through an abnormal route (i.e. teat fistula, webbed teat, or lacerations).
进行了一项前瞻性研究，以确定在三年期间转诊至一家教学医院的奶牛乳头异常的性质和处理方法。所有因乳头问题入住安大略兽医学院的牛（n = 60）均接受了体格检查；对53个乳头进行了造影或干板X线摄影。对51头奶牛的52个乳头进行了手术，27个乳头植入了假体。短期（两周内）并发症包括术中出血（n = 6）、切口漏奶（n = 4）以及26例机器挤奶失败。对阻塞性病变所取组织切片的组织病理学诊断包括纤维组织（n = 8）、正常乳腺组织（n = 3）、纤维乳头瘤、乳腺息肉和黏膜炎症（各1例）。病变可分为五种类型：1）乳头池局灶性阻塞，2）乳头池弥漫性阻塞，3）膜性阻塞，4）乳头和腺体池弥漫性阻塞，或5）乳汁通过异常途径漏出（即乳头瘘、蹼状乳头或撕裂伤）。
