Robertson Susan J, McGill William B, Massicotte Hugues B, Rutherford P Michael
College of Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, B.C., Canada V2N 4Z9.
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2007 May;82(2):213-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00012.x.
The importance of developing multi-disciplinary approaches to solving problems relating to anthropogenic pollution is now clearly appreciated by the scientific community, and this is especially evident in boreal ecosystems exposed to escalating threats of petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contamination through expanded natural resource extraction activities. This review aims to synthesize information regarding the fate and behaviour of PHCs in boreal forest soils in both ecological and sustainable management contexts. From this, we hope to evaluate potential management strategies, identify gaps in knowledge and guide future research. Our central premise is that mycorrhizal systems, the ubiquitous root symbiotic fungi and associated food-web communities, occupy the structural and functional interface between decomposition and primary production in northern forest ecosystems (i.e. underpin survival and productivity of the ecosystem as a whole), and, as such, are an appropriate focal point for such a synthesis. We provide pertinent basic information about mycorrhizas, followed by insights into the ecology of ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal systems. Next, we review the fate and behaviour of PHCs in forest soils, with an emphasis on interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and associated bacteria. Finally, we summarize implications for ecosystem management. Although we have gained tremendous insights into understanding linkages between ecosystem functions and the various aspects of mycorrhizal diversity, very little is known regarding rhizosphere communities in PHC-contaminated soils. This makes it difficult to translate ecological knowledge into environmental management strategies. Further research is required to determine which fungal symbionts are likely to survive and compete in various ecosystems, whether certain fungal - plant associations gain in ecological importance following contamination events, and how PHC contamination may interfere with processes of nutrient acquisition and exchange and metabolic processes. Research is also needed to assess whether the metabolic capacity for intrinsic decomposition exists in these ecosystems, taking into account ecological variables such as presence of other organisms (and their involvement in syntrophic biodegradation), bioavailability and toxicity of mixtures of PHCs, and physical changes to the soil environment.
科学界现已清楚认识到，开发多学科方法来解决与人为污染相关问题的重要性，这在北方生态系统中尤为明显，这些生态系统因自然资源开采活动的增加而面临石油烃（PHC）污染不断升级的威胁。本综述旨在综合生态和可持续管理背景下北方森林土壤中PHC的归宿和行为信息。据此，我们希望评估潜在的管理策略，找出知识空白并指导未来研究。我们的核心前提是，菌根系统，即无处不在的根系共生真菌及相关食物网群落，占据了北方森林生态系统中分解与初级生产之间的结构和功能界面（即支撑整个生态系统的生存和生产力），因此，是进行此类综合研究的合适焦点。我们提供了有关菌根的相关基础信息，随后深入探讨了外生菌根和石楠型菌根系统的生态学。接下来，我们综述了森林土壤中PHC的归宿和行为，重点是与菌根真菌和相关细菌的相互作用。最后，我们总结了对生态系统管理的影响。尽管我们在理解生态系统功能与菌根多样性各个方面之间的联系方面取得了巨大进展，但对于受PHC污染土壤中的根际群落却知之甚少。这使得难以将生态知识转化为环境管理策略。需要进一步研究以确定哪些真菌共生体可能在各种生态系统中存活和竞争，污染事件后某些真菌 - 植物组合在生态重要性上是否增加，以及PHC污染如何干扰养分获取、交换和代谢过程。还需要研究评估这些生态系统中是否存在内在分解的代谢能力，同时考虑到其他生物的存在（及其在共生生物降解中的参与）、PHC混合物的生物有效性和毒性以及土壤环境的物理变化等生态变量。
