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景观组成的变化影响着濒危林地驯鹿种群的减少。

Changes in landscape composition influence the decline of a threatened woodland caribou population.

作者信息

Wittmer Heiko U, McLellan Bruce N, Serrouya Robert, Apps Clayton D

机构信息

Agroecology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2007 May;76(3):568-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01220.x.

Abstract
  1. Large-scale habitat loss is frequently identified with loss of biodiversity, but examples of the direct effect of habitat alterations on changes in vital rates remain rare. Quantifying and understanding the relationship between habitat composition and changes in vital rates, however, is essential for the development of effective conservation strategies. 2. It has been suggested that the decline of woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou populations in North America is precipitated by timber harvesting that creates landscapes of early seral forests. Such habitat changes have altered the predator-prey system resulting in asymmetric predation, where predators are maintained by alternative prey (i.e. apparent competition). However, a direct link between habitat condition and caribou population declines has not been documented. 3. We estimated survival probabilities for the threatened arboreal lichen-feeding ecotype of woodland caribou in British Columbia, Canada, at two different spatial scales. At the broader scale, observed variation in adult female survival rates among 10 distinct populations (range = 0.67-0.93) was best explained by variation in the amount of early seral stands within population ranges and population density. At the finer scale, home ranges of caribou killed by predators had lower proportions of old forest and more mid-aged forest as compared with multi-annual home ranges where caribou were alive. 4. These results are consistent with predictions from the apparent competition hypothesis and quantify direct fitness consequences for caribou following habitat alterations. We conclude that apparent competition can cause rapid population declines and even extinction where changes in species composition occur following large scale habitat change.
摘要
  1. 大规模栖息地丧失常常被认为与生物多样性丧失相关,但栖息地改变对生命率变化的直接影响实例仍然罕见。然而,量化并理解栖息地组成与生命率变化之间的关系,对于制定有效的保护策略至关重要。2. 有人认为,北美林地驯鹿(Rangifer tarandus caribou)种群数量的下降是由木材采伐引发的,木材采伐造就了早期演替森林景观。这种栖息地变化改变了捕食者 - 猎物系统,导致不对称捕食,即捕食者通过替代猎物得以维持生存(即似然竞争)。然而,栖息地状况与驯鹿种群数量下降之间的直接联系尚未得到证实。3. 我们在两个不同空间尺度上估计了加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省受威胁的以树生地衣为食的林地驯鹿生态型的存活概率。在更广泛的尺度上,10个不同种群成年雌性存活率的观测变化(范围 = 0.67 - 0.93),最好由种群范围内早期演替林分数量的变化和种群密度来解释。在更精细的尺度上,与驯鹿存活多年的多年期活动范围相比,被捕食者杀死的驯鹿的活动范围内老龄森林比例更低,中年森林更多。4. 这些结果与似然竞争假说的预测一致,并量化了栖息地改变后驯鹿的直接适合度后果。我们得出结论,在大规模栖息地变化导致物种组成发生变化的情况下,似然竞争会导致种群数量迅速下降甚至灭绝。

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