Keena M A, Grinberg P S, Wallner W E
Forest Service, USDA, Northern Research Station, Northeastern Center for Forest Health Research, Hamden, CT 06514, USA.
Environ Entomol. 2007 Apr;36(2):484-94. doi: 10.1603/0046-225x(2007)36[484:ioffil]2.0.co;2.
A clinal female flight polymorphism exists in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., where female flight diminishes from east to west across Eurasia. A Russian population where females are capable of sustained ascending flight and a North American population with females incapable of flight were crossed: parentals, reciprocal F(1) hybrids, double reciprocal F(2) hybrids, and all possible backcrosses to both the parental lines were compared. Heritabilities were estimated using a threshold model, female offspring on female parent regressions, and joint-scaling analyses. Heritability of female flight capability measured using a free flight test was at least 0.60, and variation in wing size, muscle strength, and flight behaviors contributed to the flight polymorphism. Relative wing size varied continuously and had a heritability of 0.70. Environmental variation accounted for >90% of the variation in female preflight weight and relative flight muscle strength, as estimated by an inverted female's ability to right herself. Preflight walking behavior and early deposition of eggs were each inherited through a single gene with two co-dominant alleles. There was no evidence for sex-linkage or maternal effects in female flight capability or associated traits. Continued vigilance to exclude and eradicate introductions of strains capable of female flight in North America is warranted even in areas where no females fly, because some of the alleles needed for full flight capability may not be present in the North American populations, and some flight capability is maintained in the hybrids that could increase the rate of spread of L. dispar.
舞毒蛾（Lymantria dispar L.）存在一种渐变群雌性飞行多态性，在欧亚大陆，雌性飞行能力从东向西逐渐减弱。将俄罗斯一个雌性能够持续向上飞行的种群与北美一个雌性不能飞行的种群进行杂交：比较了亲本、正反交F(1)杂种、双正反交F(2)杂种以及与两个亲本系的所有可能回交。使用阈值模型、雌性后代对雌性亲本的回归分析和联合尺度分析来估计遗传力。使用自由飞行试验测量的雌性飞行能力的遗传力至少为0.60，翅大小、肌肉力量和飞行行为的变化导致了飞行多态性。相对翅大小连续变化，遗传力为0.70。根据倒挂雌性自行恢复正常姿势的能力估计，环境变异占雌性飞行前体重和相对飞行肌肉力量变异的90%以上。飞行前的行走行为和早期产卵均通过一个具有两个共显性等位基因的单基因遗传。没有证据表明雌性飞行能力或相关性状存在性连锁或母体效应。即使在没有雌性飞行的地区，也有必要继续保持警惕，以排除和根除北美能够雌性飞行的品系的引入，因为北美种群中可能不存在完全飞行能力所需的一些等位基因，并且杂种中保持了一定的飞行能力，这可能会增加舞毒蛾的传播速度。
