Monda Keri, Simmons Rachel E, Kressirer Philipp, Su Bing, Woodruff David S
Ecology, Behavior & Evolution Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116, USA.
Am J Primatol. 2007 Nov;69(11):1285-306. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20439.
The still little known concolor gibbons are represented by 14 taxa (five species, nine subspecies) distributed parapatrically in China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. To set the stage for a phylogeographic study of the genus we examined DNA sequences from the highly variable mitochondrial hypervariable region-1 (HVR-1 or control region) in 51 animals, mostly of unknown geographic provenance. We developed gibbon-specific primers to amplify mtDNA noninvasively and obtained >477 bp sequences from 38 gibbons in North American and European zoos and >159 bp sequences from ten Chinese museum skins. In hindsight, we believe these animals represent eight of the nine nominal subspecies and four of the five nominal species. Bayesian, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony haplotype network analyses gave concordant results and show Nomascus to be monophyletic. Significant intraspecific variation within N. leucogenys (17 haplotypes) is comparable with that reported earlier in Hylobates lar and less than half the known interspecific pairwise distances in gibbons. Sequence data support the recognition of five species (concolor, leucogenys, nasutus, gabriellae and probably hainanus) and suggest that nasutus is the oldest and leucogenys, the youngest taxon. In contrast, the subspecies N. c. furvogaster, N. c. jingdongensis, and N. leucogenys siki, are not recognizable at this otherwise informative genetic locus. These results show that HVR-1 sequence is variable enough to define evolutionarily significant units in Nomascus and, if coupled with multilocus microsatellite or SNP genotyping, more than adequate to characterize their phylogeographic history. There is an urgent need to obtain DNA from gibbons of known geographic provenance before they are extirpated to facilitate the conservation genetic management of the surviving animals.
鲜为人知的白眉长臂猿有14个分类单元（5个物种，9个亚种），在中国、缅甸、越南、老挝和柬埔寨呈邻域分布。为开展该属的系统地理学研究，我们检测了51只动物的线粒体高变区-1（HVR-1或控制区）的DNA序列，这些动物大多来源地不明。我们开发了长臂猿特异性引物以非侵入性方式扩增线粒体DNA，并从北美和欧洲动物园的38只长臂猿中获得了>477 bp的序列，从10份中国博物馆馆藏标本中获得了>159 bp的序列。事后看来，我们认为这些动物代表了9个指名亚种中的8个以及5个指名物种中的4个。贝叶斯分析、最大似然法和最大简约法单倍型网络分析得出了一致的结果，表明白眉长臂猿属是单系的。白颊长臂猿（17个单倍型）种内的显著变异与之前报道的白掌长臂猿相当，不到已知长臂猿种间两两距离的一半。序列数据支持认可5个物种（纯色种、白颊种、黑冠种、东黑冠种，可能还有海南种），并表明黑冠种是最古老的分类单元，白颊种是最年轻的。相比之下，在这个信息丰富的基因位点上，黑冠长臂猿的亚种黑冠长臂猿东黑冠亚种、黑冠长臂猿景东亚种和白颊长臂猿越南亚种无法区分。这些结果表明，HVR-1序列的变异性足以定义白眉长臂猿属中具有进化意义的单元，如果再结合多基因座微卫星或单核苷酸多态性基因分型，就足以描述它们的系统地理历史。迫切需要在已知地理来源的长臂猿灭绝之前获取其DNA，以促进对现存动物的保护遗传管理。
