Iwamoto M, Miki K, Mohammad M, Nayef A, Yang K H, Begeman P C, King A I
Toyota Central R&D Labs.,Inc.
Stapp Car Crash J. 2000 Nov;44:281-97. doi: 10.4271/2000-01-SC19.
Previous studies have hypothesized that the shoulder may be used to absorb some impact energy and reduce chest injury due to side impacts. Before this hypothesis can be tested, a good understanding of the injury mechanisms and the kinematics of the shoulder is critical for occupant protection in side impact. However, existing crash dummies and numerical models are not designed to reproduce the kinematics and kinetics of the human shoulder. The purpose of this study was to develop a finite element model of the human shoulder in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the injury mechanisms and the kinematics of the shoulder in side impact. Basic anthropometric data of the human shoulder used to develop the skeletal and muscular portions of this model were taken from commercial data packages. The shoulder model included three bones (the humerus, scapula and clavicle) and major ligaments and muscles around the shoulder. This model was then integrated into a human thorax model developed at Wayne State University (WSU) along with pre-existing models of other body parts such as the pelvis and the lower extremities. Material properties used for the model were taken from the literature. The model was first used to simulate lateral shoulder impact study by the Association Peugeot- Renault (APR) followed by simulations of several of the 17 rigid and padded cadaveric impacts conducted on a side impact sled at WSU. Contact forces measured at the levels of shoulder, thorax, abdomen and pelvis were used as response variables to validate the model. Additionally, a cadaveric test involving the deployment of a generic side airbag was also used to check the validity of the model. Model prediction of accelerations of the shoulder matched well against those measured experimentally. The role of the shoulder in side impact protection and the reduction of injury to the ribcage are discussed, based on model results.
先前的研究推测，在侧面碰撞中，肩部可能用于吸收一些冲击能量并减轻胸部损伤。在验证这一推测之前，深入了解肩部的损伤机制和运动学对于侧面碰撞中的乘员保护至关重要。然而，现有的碰撞假人和数值模型并非设计用于再现人体肩部的运动学和动力学。本研究的目的是开发一个人体肩部的有限元模型，以便更深入地了解侧面碰撞中肩部的损伤机制和运动学。用于构建该模型骨骼和肌肉部分的人体肩部基本人体测量数据取自商业数据包。肩部模型包括三块骨头（肱骨、肩胛骨和锁骨）以及肩部周围的主要韧带和肌肉。然后，该模型与韦恩州立大学（WSU）开发的人体胸部模型以及骨盆和下肢等其他身体部位的现有模型集成在一起。模型使用的材料属性取自文献。该模型首先用于模拟标致 - 雷诺协会（APR）的肩部侧面碰撞研究，随后模拟了在WSU的侧面碰撞雪橇上进行的17次刚性和填充尸体碰撞中的几次。在肩部、胸部、腹部和骨盆水平测量的接触力用作响应变量来验证模型。此外，一项涉及通用侧面安全气囊展开的尸体试验也用于检查模型的有效性。肩部加速度的模型预测与实验测量结果匹配良好。基于模型结果，讨论了肩部在侧面碰撞保护中的作用以及对胸腔损伤的减轻。
