Mendes Wendy Berry, Blascovich Jim, Hunter Sarah B, Lickel Brian, Jost John T
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007 Apr;92(4):698-716. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.698.
Individuals who violate expectations increase uncertainty during social interactions. Three experiments explored whether expectancy-violating partners engender "threat" responses in perceivers. Participants interacted with confederates who violated or confirmed expectations while multiple measures were assessed, including cardiovascular reactivity, task performance, appraisals, and behavior. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants interacted with White or Latino confederates who described their family backgrounds as either high or low socioeconomic status. In Experiment 3, participants interacted with Asian or White confederates who spoke with expected accents or southern accents. Participants interacting with expectancy-violating partners (e.g., Asians with southern accents) exhibited cardiovascular responses consistent with threat, poorer task performance, and manifested negative and defeat-related behavior. Implications for decreasing prejudicial responses via uncertainty reduction are discussed.
违反预期的个体在社交互动中会增加不确定性。三项实验探讨了违反预期的伙伴是否会在感知者中引发“威胁”反应。参与者与违反或确认预期的同谋进行互动，同时评估多项指标，包括心血管反应性、任务表现、评价和行为。在实验1和实验2中，参与者与白人或拉丁裔同谋互动，这些同谋将他们的家庭背景描述为社会经济地位高或低。在实验3中，参与者与带有预期口音或南方口音的亚洲或白人同谋互动。与违反预期的伙伴（如带有南方口音的亚洲人）互动的参与者表现出与威胁一致的心血管反应、较差的任务表现，并表现出消极和与失败相关的行为。讨论了通过减少不确定性来减少偏见反应的意义。
