Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease: a case presentation.

This is the third in a series of three articles examining cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CVD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD, including those in the early stages. Early diagnosis of CKD and recognition of both traditional and nontraditional renal-related CVD risk factors are vital in improving outcomes for this population. Care of the patient with CKD should center on reduction of both types of risk factors for CVD. The ANNA Nephrology Nursing Standards of Practice and Guidelines for Care provide the basis for planning and providing care for patients with CKD and for reducing the risk of CVD in this patient population.