Bielanski A
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Animal Diseases Research Institute, Germplasm Centre of Expertise, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9.
Theriogenology. 2007 Jul 1;68(1):1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.03.025. Epub 2007 May 18.
Semen and embryos generated by assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) may be contaminated with numerous microorganisms. Contamination may arise from systemic or local reproductive tract infections in donors or the inadvertent introduction of microorganisms during ARTs, and may lead to disease transmission. This review describes sanitary procedures which have been investigated to ascertain whether they are effective in rendering semen and embryos free of pathogenic microorganisms, including internationally adopted washing procedures, which can be supplemented by antibiotics and enzymatic treatments. Other methods include treatment with antibodies or ozone, photoinactivation, acidification, and the use of novel antiviral compounds. In conclusion, despite the wide range of antimicrobial procedures available, none can be recommended as a universal disinfection method for rendering semen and embryos free from all potentially pathogenic microorganisms. However, some procedures are unsuitable, as they can compromise the viability of semen or embryos. In humans, washing by the gradient centrifugation method appears to be effective for reducing the microbial population in semen and is harmless to the spermatozoa. A useful procedure for embryos involving multiple washes in sterile medium has much to commend it for the prevention of disease transmission; furthermore, it is recommended by the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS).
辅助生殖技术（ARTs）产生的精液和胚胎可能会被多种微生物污染。污染可能源于供体的全身性或局部生殖道感染，或者是ARTs过程中微生物的意外引入，并且可能导致疾病传播。本综述描述了已被研究的卫生程序，以确定它们是否能有效使精液和胚胎不含致病微生物，包括国际上采用的洗涤程序，这些程序可以辅以抗生素和酶处理。其他方法包括用抗体或臭氧处理、光灭活、酸化以及使用新型抗病毒化合物。总之，尽管有多种抗菌程序可用，但没有一种可以被推荐为使精液和胚胎不含所有潜在致病微生物的通用消毒方法。然而，有些程序不合适，因为它们会损害精液或胚胎的活力。在人类中，梯度离心法洗涤似乎对减少精液中的微生物数量有效，并且对精子无害。一种对胚胎有用的程序是在无菌培养基中进行多次洗涤，这对于预防疾病传播有很多值得称赞之处；此外，国际胚胎移植协会（IETS）也推荐该方法。
