Guidi Enrica, Angelini Lauretta, Cervato Katia, Pizzo Francesco, Rizzetto Roberto, Fortini Marco, Contini Carlo
Sezione Igiene e Medicina del Lavoro Università di Ferrara, Italy.
Infez Med. 2007 Mar;15(1):66-80.
The aim of this work was to analyse the mortality for smallpox and the methods used during the nineteenth-century to control epidemics. Most of the historical material was found in the Historical Archives of the Ferrara City Council. Over the whole period in question, there were 710 deaths in Ferrara (366 males and 344 females). The highest number was found in the years 1816, 1829, 1834, 1842, 1849, 1871 and 1891. Data analysis shows that most deaths occurred during the first half of the century. Subsequently, the phenomenon declined to almost zero. Males were more affected and nearly 70% of the deaths occurred under 5 years of age, 50%of which during the first year of life. At that time, the "guidelines" adopted were analogous to those currently followed when a new vaccination programme is started. The inspiring principles were the active and free supply of vaccine, universal vaccination, the informed consent of the population, the involvement of educators and also monetary rewards to the most industrious doctors in the practice of vaccination. In Ferrara vaccination began in 1801, but was only consistently implemented in 1812. By the end of the 19th century the number of persons vaccinated had increased from 3% to 7%. Vaccination initiatives assumed great importance among the population of Ferrara, in spite of initial resistance and suspicion of a practice which most people found incomprehensible.
这项工作的目的是分析天花死亡率以及19世纪用于控制疫情的方法。大部分历史资料来自费拉拉市议会的历史档案。在整个相关时期，费拉拉有710人死亡（男性366人，女性344人）。死亡人数最多的年份是1816年、1829年、1834年、1842年、1849年、1871年和1891年。数据分析表明，大多数死亡发生在本世纪上半叶。随后，这一现象几乎降至零。男性受影响更大，近70%的死亡发生在5岁以下，其中50%发生在出生后第一年。当时采用的“指导方针”与目前启动新的疫苗接种计划时遵循的方针类似。其指导原则包括疫苗的积极免费供应、普遍接种、民众的知情同意、教育工作者的参与以及对最勤勉的医生在疫苗接种工作中的金钱奖励。费拉拉的疫苗接种始于1801年，但直到1812年才持续实施。到19世纪末，接种疫苗的人数从3%增加到了7%。尽管一开始人们对这种大多数人难以理解的做法存在抵触和怀疑，但疫苗接种举措在费拉拉民众中变得极为重要。
