Watkinson A J, Murby E J, Costanzo S D
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia.
Water Res. 2007 Oct;41(18):4164-76. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.04.005. Epub 2007 May 23.
Removal of 28 human and veterinary antibiotics was assessed in a conventional (activated sludge) and advanced (microfiltration/reverse osmosis) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Brisbane, Australia. The dominant antibiotics detected in wastewater influents were cephalexin (med. 4.6 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), ciprofloxacin (med. 3.8 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), cefaclor (med. 0.5 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), sulphamethoxazole (med. 0.36 microg L(-1), freq. 100%) and trimethoprim (med. 0.34 microg L(-1), freq. 100%). Results indicated that both treatment plants significantly reduced antibiotic concentrations with an average removal rate from the liquid phase of 92%. However, antibiotics were still detected in both effluents from the low-to-mid ng L(-1) range. Antibiotics detected in effluent from the activated sludge WWTP included ciprofloxacin (med. 0.6 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), sulphamethoxazole (med. 0.27 microg L(-1), freq. 100%) lincomycin (med. 0.05 microg L(-1), freq. 100%) and trimethoprim (med. 0.05 microg L(-1), freq. 100%). Antibiotics identified in microfiltration/reverse osmosis product water included naladixic acid (med. 0.045 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), enrofloxacin (med. 0.01 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), roxithromycin (med. 0.01 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), norfloxacin (med. 0.005 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), oleandomycin (med. 0.005 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), trimethoprim (med. 0.005 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), tylosin (med. 0.001 microg L(-1), freq. 100%), and lincomycin (med. 0.001 microg L(-1), freq. 66%). Certain traditional parameters, including nitrate concentration, conductivity and turbidity of the effluent were assessed as predictors of total antibiotic concentration, however only conductivity demonstrated any correlation with total antibiotic concentration (p=0.018, r=0.7). There is currently a lack of information concerning the effects of these chemicals to critically assess potential risks for environmental discharge and water recycling.
在澳大利亚布里斯班的一座传统（活性污泥法）和先进（微滤/反渗透）污水处理厂（WWTP）中，对28种人类和兽用抗生素的去除情况进行了评估。在废水进水口检测到的主要抗生素有头孢氨苄（中位数4.6微克/升，频率100%）、环丙沙星（中位数3.8微克/升，频率100%）、头孢克洛（中位数0.5微克/升，频率100%）、磺胺甲恶唑（中位数0.36微克/升，频率100%）和甲氧苄啶（中位数0.34微克/升，频率100%）。结果表明，两座污水处理厂都显著降低了抗生素浓度，液相的平均去除率为92%。然而，在两座污水处理厂的出水中仍能检测到低至中纳克/升范围内的抗生素。活性污泥法污水处理厂出水中检测到的抗生素包括环丙沙星（中位数0.6微克/升，频率100%）、磺胺甲恶唑（中位数0.27微克/升，频率100%）、林可霉素（中位数0.05微克/升，频率100%）和甲氧苄啶（中位数0.05微克/升，频率100%）。微滤/反渗透产水中鉴定出的抗生素包括萘啶酸（中位数0.045微克/升，频率100%）、恩诺沙星（中位数0.01微克/升，频率100%）、罗红霉素（中位数0.01微克/升，频率100%）、诺氟沙星（中位数0.005微克/升，频率100%）、竹桃霉素（中位数0.005微克/升，频率100%）、甲氧苄啶（中位数0.005微克/升，频率百100%）、泰乐菌素（中位数0.001微克/升，频率100%）和林可霉素（中位数0.001微克/升，频率66%）。对一些传统参数进行了评估，包括出水的硝酸盐浓度、电导率和浊度，以此作为总抗生素浓度的预测指标，但只有电导率与总抗生素浓度显示出任何相关性（p = 0.018，r = 0.7）。目前缺乏关于这些化学物质影响的信息，无法严格评估环境排放和水再利用的潜在风险。
