Watkinson A J, Murby E J, Kolpin D W, Costanzo S D
National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Brisbane QLD 4108, Australia.
Sci Total Environ. 2009 Apr 1;407(8):2711-23. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.11.059. Epub 2009 Jan 12.
The presence of 28 antibiotics in three hospital effluents, five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), six rivers and a drinking water storage catchment were investigated within watersheds of South-East Queensland, Australia. All antibiotics were detected at least once, with the exception of the polypeptide bacitracin which was not detected at all. Antibiotics were found in hospital effluent ranging from 0.01-14.5 microg L(-1), dominated by the beta-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Antibiotics were found in WWTP influent up to 64 microg L(-1), dominated by the beta-lactam, quinolone and sulphonamide groups. Investigated WWTPs were highly effective in removing antibiotics from the water phase, with an average removal rate of greater than 80% for all targeted antibiotics. However, antibiotics were still detected in WWTP effluents in the low ng L(-1) range up to a maximum of 3.4 microg L(-1), with the macrolide, quinolone and sulphonamide antibiotics most prevalent. Similarly, antibiotics were detected quite frequently in the low ng L(-1) range, up to 2 microg L(-1) in the surface waters of six investigated rivers including freshwater, estuarine and marine samples. The total investigated antibiotic concentration (TIAC) within the Nerang River was significantly lower (p<0.05) than all other rivers sampled. The absence of WWTP discharge to this river is a likely explanation for the significantly lower TIAC and suggests that WWTP discharges are a dominant source of antibiotics to investigated surface waters. A significant difference (p<0.001) was identified between TIACs at surface water sites with WWTP discharge compared to sites with no WWTP discharge, providing further evidence that WWTPs are an important source of antibiotics to streams. Despite the presence of antibiotics in surface waters used for drinking water extraction, no targeted antibiotics were detected in any drinking water samples.
在澳大利亚昆士兰州东南部的流域内，对三家医院污水、五个污水处理厂、六条河流以及一个饮用水蓄水集水区中28种抗生素的存在情况进行了调查。除完全未检测到的多肽杆菌肽外，所有抗生素均至少被检测到一次。医院污水中抗生素的含量在0.01 - 14.5微克/升之间，以β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类为主。污水处理厂进水口的抗生素含量高达64微克/升，同样以β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类为主。所调查的污水处理厂对水相中抗生素的去除效果显著，所有目标抗生素的平均去除率均超过80%。然而，污水处理厂的排放水中仍能检测到低纳克/升范围的抗生素，最高可达3.4微克/升，其中大环内酯类、喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素最为常见。同样，在六条被调查河流的地表水（包括淡水、河口和海水样本）中，也经常检测到低纳克/升范围的抗生素，最高可达2微克/升。内兰河的总调查抗生素浓度（TIAC）显著低于（p<0.05）所有其他采样河流。该河流没有污水处理厂排放可能是TIAC显著较低的原因，这表明污水处理厂排放是所调查地表水抗生素的主要来源。与没有污水处理厂排放的地表水采样点相比，有污水处理厂排放的地表水采样点的TIAC存在显著差异（p<0.001），这进一步证明污水处理厂是河流抗生素的重要来源。尽管用于饮用水提取的地表水中存在抗生素，但在任何饮用水样本中均未检测到目标抗生素。
