Nikiforov Yuri E
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
Endocr Pathol. 2006 Winter;17(4):307-17. doi: 10.1007/s12022-006-0001-5.
An increased incidence of thyroid cancer in the exposed children remains the most well-documented long-term effect of radioactive contamination after the Chernobyl nuclear accident in April, 1986. Multiple studies on approx 4000 children and adolescents with thyroid cancer have provided important new information about the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, and molecular aspects of radiation-induced carcinogenesis in the thyroid gland. They revealed that environmental exposure to 131I during childhood carries an increased risk of thyroid cancer and the risk is radiation dose dependent. The youngest children are most sensitive to radiation-induced carcinogenesis, and the minimal latent period for thyroid cancer development after exposure is as short as 4 yr. The vast majority of these cancers are papillary carcinomas, many of which have characteristic solid or solid-follicular microscopic appearance. On the molecular level, post-Chernobyl tumors are characterized by frequent occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements, such as RET/PTC, whereas point mutations of BRAF and other genes are much less common in this population.
1986年4月切尔诺贝利核事故后，受辐射儿童甲状腺癌发病率上升仍然是放射性污染最有充分记录的长期影响。对约4000例患甲状腺癌的儿童和青少年进行的多项研究，提供了有关甲状腺辐射致癌在流行病学、临床、病理和分子方面的重要新信息。这些研究表明，儿童期环境暴露于131I会增加患甲状腺癌的风险，且该风险与辐射剂量相关。年龄最小的儿童对辐射致癌最敏感，暴露后甲状腺癌发生的最短潜伏期短至4年。这些癌症绝大多数是乳头状癌，其中许多具有特征性的实性或实性滤泡性微观表现。在分子水平上，切尔诺贝利事故后的肿瘤特征是频繁发生染色体重排，如RET/PTC，而BRAF和其他基因的点突变在该人群中则不太常见。
