Gil Susana M, Gil Javier, Ruiz Fátima, Irazusta Amaia, Irazusta Jon
Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Alava, Spain.
J Strength Cond Res. 2007 May;21(2):438-45. doi: 10.1519/R-19995.1.
The aim of this study was to establish the anthropometric and physiological profiles of young nonelite soccer players according to their playing position, and to determine their relevance for the selection process. Two hundred forty-one male soccer players who were members of the Getxo Arenas Club (Bizkaia) participated in this study. Players, age 17.31 (+/- 2.64) years, range 14-21 years, were classified into the following groups: forwards (n = 56), midfielders (n = 79), defenders (n = 77), and goalkeepers (n = 29). Anthropometric variables of participants (height, weight, body mass index, 6 skinfolds, 4 diameters, and 3 perimeters) were measured. Also, their somatotype and body composition (weights and percentages of fat, bone, and muscle) were calculated. Participants performed the Astrand test to estimate their absolute and relative VO2max, an endurance test, sprint tests (30 meters flat and 30 meters with 10 cones) and 3 jump tests (squat jump, counter movement jump and drop jump). Forwards were the leanest, presenting the highest percentage of muscle. They were the best performers in all the physiological tests, including endurance, velocity, agility, and power. In contrast, goalkeepers were found to be the tallest and the heaviest players. They also had the largest fat skinfolds and the highest fat percentage, but their aerobic capacity was the lowest. In the selection process, agility and the jump tests were the most discriminating for forwards. In contrast, agility, height, and endurance were the key factors for midfielders. The defenders group was characterized by a lower quantity of fat. Thus, we may conclude that anthropometric and physiological differences exist among soccer players who play in different positions. These differences fit with their different workload in a game. Therefore, training programs should include specific sessions for each positional role.
本研究的目的是根据年轻非精英足球运动员的比赛位置建立其人体测量学和生理学特征，并确定这些特征在选拔过程中的相关性。241名来自Getxo Arenas俱乐部（比斯开省）的男性足球运动员参与了本研究。年龄为17.31（±2.64）岁、年龄范围在14至21岁之间的球员被分为以下几组：前锋（n = 56）、中场球员（n = 79）、后卫（n = 77）和守门员（n = 29）。测量了参与者的人体测量学变量（身高、体重、体重指数、6处皮褶厚度、4处直径和3处周长）。此外，还计算了他们的体型和身体成分（脂肪、骨骼和肌肉的重量及百分比）。参与者进行了阿斯特兰德测试以估计其绝对和相对最大摄氧量、一项耐力测试、短跑测试（30米平地跑和30米穿梭跑）以及3项跳跃测试（深蹲跳、反向纵跳和下落跳）。前锋是最瘦的，肌肉比例最高。他们在所有生理测试中表现最佳，包括耐力、速度、敏捷性和力量。相比之下，守门员是最高和最重的球员。他们的脂肪皮褶厚度最大且脂肪百分比最高，但有氧能力最低。在选拔过程中，敏捷性和跳跃测试对前锋的区分度最大。相比之下，敏捷性、身高和耐力是中场球员的关键因素。后卫组的特点是脂肪量较低。因此，我们可以得出结论，不同位置的足球运动员在人体测量学和生理学上存在差异。这些差异与他们在比赛中的不同工作量相匹配。因此，训练计划应包括针对每个位置角色的特定训练课程。
