White Jason C, Peters Richard, Kelsey Jason W
Department of Soil and Water, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA.
Environ Sci Technol. 2007 Apr 15;41(8):2922-9. doi: 10.1021/es061893j.
The effect of four surfactants (Triton X-100, Tween-80, rhamnolipids, cyclodextrin) at 100-1000 mg/L on p,p'-DDE phytoextraction by Cucurbita pepo (zucchini) under field conditions and p,p'-DDE bioaccumulation by earthworm species (Eisenia fetida, Lumbricus terrestris) under laboratory conditions was investigated. Abiotically, surfactants (except cyclodextrin) increased contaminant desorption from soil by 4-fold, with higher concentrations generally promoting greater release. Cyclodextrin had no effect on DDE desorption. DDE concentrations in unamended zucchini roots and stems were 30- and 7.8-fold greater than soil levels, respectively, and 1.6% of the contaminant was extracted from the soil. The surfactant effects were cultivar specific. Triton X-100 increased DDE uptake in "Costata" by 2.6-fold, yielding 5% contaminant phytoextraction. In "Goldrush", DDE accumulation decreased by 69% across all surfactants. Surfactants significantly increased DDE bioaccumulation by earthworms. For E. fetida with all surfactants and L. terrestriswith Triton X-100 and cyclodextrin, DDE accumulation increased 2.5-7.2-fold, paralleling abiotic desorption. However, Tween-80 and rhamnolipids increased DDE accumulation in L. terrestris by 74 and 36 fold, respectively. These dramatic increases in contaminant bioaccumulation do not correlate with the increased availability observed abiotically. Surfactant-mediated increases in contaminant bioavailability are an unexpectedly complex process and clearly present unanticipated concerns over pollutant exposure to nontarget organisms.
研究了四种表面活性剂（曲拉通X-100、吐温-80、鼠李糖脂、环糊精）在100-1000 mg/L浓度下对野外条件下西葫芦对p,p'-滴滴伊的植物提取以及实验室条件下蚯蚓（赤子爱胜蚓、陆正蚓）对p,p'-滴滴伊生物积累的影响。在非生物条件下，表面活性剂（环糊精除外）使土壤中污染物的解吸增加了4倍，浓度越高，释放量通常越大。环糊精对滴滴伊的解吸没有影响。未添加表面活性剂的西葫芦根和茎中的滴滴伊浓度分别比土壤水平高30倍和7.8倍，1.6%的污染物从土壤中被提取出来。表面活性剂的效果因品种而异。曲拉通X-100使“Costata”品种中滴滴伊的吸收增加了2.6倍，污染物植物提取率达到5%。在“Goldrush”品种中，所有表面活性剂处理下滴滴伊的积累量下降了69%。表面活性剂显著增加了蚯蚓对滴滴伊的生物积累。对于添加所有表面活性剂的赤子爱胜蚓以及添加曲拉通X-100和环糊精的陆正蚓，滴滴伊的积累量增加了2.5-7.2倍，与非生物解吸情况相似。然而，吐温-80和鼠李糖脂分别使陆正蚓中滴滴伊的积累量增加了74倍和36倍。污染物生物积累的这些显著增加与非生物条件下观察到的有效性增加不相关。表面活性剂介导的污染物生物有效性增加是一个出人意料的复杂过程，显然对污染物暴露于非靶标生物提出了意想不到的问题。
