Xian Hong, Scherrer Jeffrey F, Slutske Wendy S, Shah Kamini R, Volberg Rachel, Eisen Seth A
Research Service, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63106, USA.
Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007 Feb;10(1):174-9. doi: 10.1375/twin.10.1.174.
Problem (P) and pathological gambling (PG) symptoms wax and wane. Past symptoms are a risk for future symptoms even after controlling for familial influences. To address the genetic architecture of lifetime PG and current PG symptoms, we tested for common and unique genetic factors to lifetime PG symptoms at baseline and past year PG symptoms at 10-year follow-up. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., Rev.; DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) lifetime criteria of one or more PG symptoms were derived in 1992 and past year PG symptoms in 2002 from 1675 individual twins from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Cholesky decomposition models were fit to baseline and past year PG symptoms. Under the best fitting model we observed that 49% of the risk for one or more baseline PG symptoms in 1992 was due to a genetic factor and 51% of the risk was due to a unique environmental factor. All of the genetic variance (57.5%) in risk to past year PG symptoms in 2002 was common with baseline PG symptoms. Unique environment accounted for the remaining variance in past year PG symptoms with 13% common to baseline and 30% specific to past year PG symptoms. The genetic contributions to lifetime and past year gambling symptoms 10 years later are similar. There is no evidence for genetic contributions unique to past year PG symptoms. However, most of the unique environmental influences to past year PG are not shared with lifetime PG. This may reflect the changed social-cultural environment between 1992 and 2002, characterized by increasing access to legalized gambling.
问题（P）和病态赌博（PG）症状会出现起伏变化。即使在控制了家族影响之后，过去的症状仍会增加未来出现症状的风险。为了探究终生病态赌博（PG）和当前PG症状的遗传结构，我们对基线时的终生PG症状以及10年随访时过去一年的PG症状的共同和独特遗传因素进行了测试。1992年从越南时代双胞胎登记处的1675名个体双胞胎中得出了《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（第3版，修订版；DSM-III-R；美国精神病学协会，1987）中一种或多种PG症状的终生标准，2002年得出了过去一年的PG症状标准。采用Cholesky分解模型对基线和过去一年的PG症状进行拟合。在最佳拟合模型下，我们观察到1992年出现一种或多种基线PG症状的风险中，49% 是由遗传因素导致的，51% 的风险是由独特环境因素导致的。2002年过去一年PG症状风险中的所有遗传方差（57.5%）与基线PG症状是共同的。独特环境因素占过去一年PG症状剩余的方差，其中13% 与基线症状相同，30% 特定于过去一年的PG症状。对10年后终生和过去一年赌博症状的遗传贡献相似。没有证据表明过去一年PG症状存在独特的遗传贡献。然而，过去一年PG症状的大多数独特环境影响与终生PG症状并不相同。这可能反映了1992年至2002年间社会文化环境的变化，其特点是合法赌博的机会增加。
