Cowin I, Emmett P
Unit of Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007 Jun;20(3):254-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2007.00772.x.
To investigate the normal range of nutrient intakes and food consumption patterns in 18 month old children.
1,026 children resident in South West England, forming part of the Children in Focus (CIF) research cohort.
Diet was assessed using a 3 day unweighed dietary record. Nutrient and food intakes were compared with the dietary reference values and with the results of a British survey of preschool children -- the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS).
Intakes of energy and nearly all nutrients were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Intakes of energy were slightly above the estimated average requirements. For most nutrients the mean and median intakes were well above the Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The exceptions were vitamin D, iron and zinc. Nutrient intakes in CIF were very similar to those in the NDNS except for carotene, calcium, vitamin D and iodine, where intakes were considerably higher in CIF, and sugar intake which was lower in CIF. Intakes of most foods were similar in the two surveys. However, consumption of milk, yoghurt and fromage frais and baby foods was higher in CIF, intakes of most fruit and vegetables was somewhat higher, and intakes of savoury snacks and sugar confectionery were lower. In addition, there were differences between the two groups in the types of meat and meat products consumed.
These children are unlikely to be deficient in any nutrients, with the possible exceptions of iron, zinc, and vitamin D. The use of vitamin D supplements and the inclusion of iron- and zinc-rich foods in the diets of preschool children should be encouraged. These data will be important in assessing the influence of early diet on subsequent health and development.
调查18个月大儿童的营养素摄入量正常范围及食物消费模式。
1026名居住在英格兰西南部的儿童，他们是“聚焦儿童”（CIF）研究队列的一部分。
采用3天非称重饮食记录评估饮食情况。将营养素和食物摄入量与膳食参考值以及英国一项学龄前儿童调查——全国饮食与营养调查（NDNS）的结果进行比较。
男孩的能量及几乎所有营养素摄入量均显著高于女孩。能量摄入量略高于估计平均需求量。对于大多数营养素，平均摄入量和中位数摄入量远高于参考营养素摄入量（RNI）。例外的是维生素D、铁和锌。CIF队列中的营养素摄入量与NDNS中的非常相似，除了胡萝卜素、钙、维生素D和碘，CIF队列中这些营养素的摄入量显著更高，而糖的摄入量在CIF队列中更低。两项调查中大多数食物的摄入量相似。然而，CIF队列中牛奶、酸奶、软奶酪和婴儿食品的消费量更高，大多数水果和蔬菜的摄入量略高，而咸味小吃和糖果的摄入量更低。此外，两组在食用的肉类和肉类产品类型上也存在差异。
除了铁、锌和维生素D可能例外，这些儿童不太可能缺乏任何营养素。应鼓励学龄前儿童使用维生素D补充剂，并在饮食中加入富含铁和锌的食物。这些数据对于评估早期饮食对后续健康和发育的影响将具有重要意义。
