Van de Water Peter K, Watrud Lidia S, Lee E Henry, Burdick Connie, King George A
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, 200 Southwest 35th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA.
Ecol Appl. 2007 Jun;17(4):1244-56. doi: 10.1890/06-0962.
The importance of understanding the role of atmospheric conditions in pollen dispersal has grown in recent years with increased field-testing of genetically modified (GM) crop plants. An atmospheric model was used to characterize wind trajectories at 10 m and 100 m above GM pollen source fields located within a 4452-ha "control" area north of Madras, Oregon, USA, designated by the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA). The area was used in 2003 for the growth of GM creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) engineered to be resistant to glyphosate herbicide. The presence of the GM gene (CP4 EPSPS) provided a distinct selectable marker for pollen-mediated gene flow to sentinel and resident Agrostis spp. plants. Linkage of GM gene presence with wind flow characteristics over the "control" area became essential to understand the timing and processes leading to long-distance transport of this pollen. Wind trajectories showed a general pattern of northwest to southeast air movement. Trajectory travel distances calculated hourly from 06:00 hours to 15:00 hours during the 2003 pollination period (15 June-15 July) showed movement up to 15 km from the "control" area's center by the first hour. Maximum travel distances increased to 40 and 55 km after two and three hours from release, respectively. Calculated wind trajectory positions corresponded with observed long-distance pollen-mediated gene flow in the seedlings of sentinel and resident plants. The highest correlations were found during the late morning hours. Back-calculated wind trajectories from sentinel and resident locations with GM-gene-positive progeny suggested that most successful fertilizations occurred in the direction of prevailing winds during late June 2003. The occurrence of positive progeny from sentinel plants, upwind of the "control" area during this period, indicated the additional influence of local topography on pollen dispersal.
近年来，随着转基因作物田间试验的增加，了解大气条件在花粉传播中的作用变得越发重要。在美国俄勒冈州马德拉斯市以北一个4452公顷的“对照”区域（由俄勒冈州农业部指定）内，利用一个大气模型来描述位于转基因花粉源田上方10米和100米处的风轨迹。该区域在2003年用于种植经基因工程改造以抗草甘膦除草剂的转基因匍匐翦股颖（匍匐翦股颖）。转基因基因（CP4 EPSPS）的存在为花粉介导的基因流向哨兵植物和本地翦股颖属植物提供了一个独特的选择标记。了解转基因基因的存在与“对照”区域上空风流特征的关联对于理解导致这种花粉远距离传播的时间和过程至关重要。风轨迹显示出西北向东南的总体空气流动模式。在2003年授粉期（6月15日至7月15日）从06:00至15:00每小时计算的轨迹移动距离表明，在第一个小时内花粉从“对照”区域中心移动了15公里。释放后两小时和三小时，最大移动距离分别增加到40公里和55公里。计算出的风轨迹位置与哨兵植物和本地植物幼苗中观察到的远距离花粉介导的基因流动相对应。在上午晚些时候发现了最高的相关性。从具有转基因阳性后代的哨兵和本地位置反推的风轨迹表明，大多数成功的受精发生在2003年6月下旬的盛行风方向。在此期间，“对照”区域上风方向的哨兵植物出现阳性后代，这表明当地地形对花粉传播有额外影响。
