Selection of amputation level: a review.

Preservation of the knee joint in a patient undergoing lower limb amputation for critical ischaemia is associated with improved postoperative rehabilitation and mobility. Yet, for most surgeons the below-knee to above-knee amputation ratio remains less than one. Poor wound healing and a high reamputation rate for below knee stumps are important factors mitigating against below-knee amputations. Many tests (Doppler indices, segmental pressures, skin blood flow, skin perfusion pressure, TcpO2, thermography) have been described to predict the likelihood of successful healing of an amputation stump but none appears to have gained widespread acceptance. Clinical judgement alone is insufficient to predict the success or failure of an amputation stump. In this review, we have looked at the evidence in support of these tests, particularly those routinely available to most surgeons.