Stone Graham N, Challis Richard J, Atkinson Rachel J, Csóka György, Hayward Alex, Melika George, Mutun Serap, Preuss Sonja, Rokas Antonis, Sadeghi Ebrahim, Schönrogge Karsten
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, UK.
Mol Ecol. 2007 Jul;16(13):2768-81. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03348.x.
Human dispersal of organisms is an important process modifying natural patterns of biodiversity. Such dispersal generates new patterns of genetic diversity that overlie natural phylogeographical signatures, allowing discrimination between alternative dispersal mechanisms. Here we use allele frequency and DNA sequence data to distinguish between alternative scenarios (unassisted range expansion and long range introduction) for the colonization of northern Europe by an oak-feeding gallwasp, Andricus kollari. Native to Mediterranean latitudes from Portugal to Iran, this species became established in northern Europe following human introduction of a host plant, the Turkey oak Quercus cerris. Colonization of northern Europe is possible through three alternative routes: (i) unassisted range expansion from natural populations in the Iberian Peninsula; (ii) unassisted range expansion from natural populations in Italy and Hungary; or (iii) descent from populations imported to the UK as trade goods from the eastern Mediterranean in the 1830s. We show that while populations in France were colonized from sources in Italy and Hungary, populations in the UK and neighbouring parts of coastal northern Europe encompass allozyme and sequence variation absent from the known native range. Further, these populations show demographic signatures expected for large stable populations, rather than signatures of rapid population growth from small numbers of founders. The extent and spatial distribution of genetic diversity in the UK suggests that these A. kollari populations are derived from introductions of large numbers of individuals from each of two genetically divergent centres of diversity in the eastern Mediterranean. The strong spatial patterning in genetic diversity observed between different regions of northern Europe, and between sites in the UK, is compatible with leptokurtic models of population establishment.
人类对生物的传播是改变生物多样性自然模式的一个重要过程。这种传播产生了新的遗传多样性模式，这些模式覆盖在自然系统发育地理特征之上，从而能够区分不同的传播机制。在这里，我们使用等位基因频率和DNA序列数据来区分橡树食瘿蜂安德氏瘿蜂（Andricus kollari）在北欧定殖的不同情形（无辅助的范围扩张和远距离引入）。该物种原产于从葡萄牙到伊朗的地中海纬度地区，在人类引入其寄主植物土耳其栎（Quercus cerris）后，在北欧得以定殖。北欧的定殖可能通过三种不同途径实现：（i）从伊比利亚半岛的自然种群进行无辅助的范围扩张；（ii）从意大利和匈牙利的自然种群进行无辅助的范围扩张；或者（iii）源自19世纪30年代作为贸易货物从地中海东部进口到英国的种群。我们发现，虽然法国的种群是从意大利和匈牙利的来源定殖的，但英国和北欧沿海邻近地区的种群包含了已知原生范围内所没有的等位酶和序列变异。此外，这些种群显示出大型稳定种群预期的人口统计学特征，而不是少数奠基者快速种群增长的特征。英国遗传多样性的程度和空间分布表明，这些安德氏瘿蜂种群源自从地中海东部两个遗传分化的多样性中心分别引入的大量个体。在北欧不同地区之间以及英国各地点之间观察到的遗传多样性的强烈空间格局，与种群建立的尖峰模型相符。
