Comprehensive identification and characterization of novel cardiac genes in mouse.

Comprehensive understanding of the molecular and physiological events occurring in cardiac muscle requires identification of unknown genes expressed in this tissue. We analyzed the mouse cardiac muscle UniGene library containing 827 gene-oriented transcript clusters, predicting that 19% of these genes are unknown. We systematically identified 15 authentic novel genes abundantly expressed in cardiac muscle. Northern blot analysis revealed transcriptional characteristics of the genes, such as transcript size and presence of isoforms. Transfection assays performed using various cell lines including mouse cardiac muscle cells provided information on the cellular characteristics of the novel proteins. Using correlation analysis, we identified co-regulated genes from previously reported microarray data sets. Our in silico and in vitro data suggest that a number of the novel genes are implicated in calcium metabolism, mitochondrial functions and gene transcription. In particular, we obtained new and direct evidence that one of the novel proteins is a calcium-binding protein. Taken together, we identified and characterized a number of novel cardiac genes by integrative approach. Our inclusive data establish a firm basis for future investigation into the cardiac gene network and functions of these genes.