Ho P L, Becker M, Chan-Yeung M M
Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2007 Jul;11(7):710-21.
Recent experiences of emerging infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza (H5N1), have highlighted the risks of serious pulmonary infections from occupational exposures. Occupationally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could also result in life-threatening, opportunistic lung infections as a result of host immunosuppression. These three occupationally acquired infections are major public health problems that carry with them enormous economic and societal implications. The present review discusses their microbiology, epidemiology and mode of transmission, clinical features, treatment and, more importantly, prevention. Health care workers (HCWs), who are a valuable health care resource especially in the developing nations, are at high risk for acquiring these diseases. Drugs for the treatment of HIV infection are expensive and not widely available in the developing world where they are most needed. As there is no well-recognised effective treatment for SARS and avian influenza, prevention of infection is most important. HCWs should be aware of occupationally acquired infections and know how to protect themselves. Regular training should be provided by all health care institutions on infection control measures and the use of personal protective equipment.
近期出现的新发传染病，如严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）和禽流感（H5N1），凸显了职业暴露导致严重肺部感染的风险。职业性获得性人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染也可能因宿主免疫抑制而导致危及生命的机会性肺部感染。这三种职业性获得性感染是重大的公共卫生问题，带来了巨大的经济和社会影响。本综述讨论了它们的微生物学、流行病学、传播方式、临床特征、治疗，更重要的是预防。医护人员是宝贵的医疗资源，尤其是在发展中国家，他们感染这些疾病的风险很高。治疗HIV感染的药物价格昂贵，在最需要的发展中国家无法广泛获得。由于目前尚无公认的有效治疗SARS和禽流感的方法，预防感染最为重要。医护人员应了解职业性获得性感染并知道如何保护自己。所有医疗机构都应定期提供关于感染控制措施和个人防护设备使用的培训。
