Posterior minimally invasive approaches for the cervical spine.

Cervical microendoscopic foraminotomy/discectomy and cervical microendoscopic decompression of stenosis are highly effective, minimally invasive approaches to cervical radiculopathy due to foraminal osteophytes or lateral disc herniation and cervical spondylotic myelopathy, respectively. The operative technique utilized in each of these procedures is described in detail, together with the advantages of the minimally invasive technique over traditional open approaches. Complication avoidance and management is also discussed.