Hawgood Barbara J
King's College, London, UK.
J Med Biogr. 2007 Aug;15(3):139-46. doi: 10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-15.
Early in his medical career, Albert Calmette showed a remarkable aptitude for bacteriology and, in 1891, he opened the first daughter Pasteur Institute in Saigon, French Indochina at the request of Louis Pasteur. In 1894, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Calmette succeeded in developing an antiserum to cobra venom and so initiated antivenomous serotherapy. In 1895 Calmette was asked to found a second daughter, Pasteur Institute in Lille. Soon he was joined by the young veterinarian, Camille Guérin, and so began a unique partnership, the two men striving to free people from the dreadful scourge of tuberculosis. Investigating the intestinal route of tuberculous infection, Calmette and Guérin began to grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis bovis in a beef bile-glycerine medium. With continuous replanting of the culture in this medium (from 70 to 235 times), an attenuated bacillus of fixed properties was discovered; this Calmette called Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Exhaustive testing of BCG showed its safety and effectiveness in protecting young animals against tuberculosis. In 1924 vaccination of newborn infants with BCG began in France and spread worldwide.
在其医学职业生涯早期，阿尔贝·卡尔梅特展现出了非凡的细菌学天赋。1891年，应路易·巴斯德的要求，他在法属印度支那的西贡开设了第一家巴斯德研究所分支机构。1894年，在巴黎的巴斯德研究所，卡尔梅特成功研制出一种抗眼镜蛇毒血清，从而开创了抗蛇毒血清疗法。1895年，卡尔梅特受邀在里尔创建巴斯德研究所的第二个分支机构。不久后，年轻的兽医卡米耶·介兰加入进来，于是开始了一段独特的合作，两人努力使人们摆脱结核病这一可怕的灾祸。在研究结核感染的肠道传播途径时，卡尔梅特和介兰开始在牛肉胆汁 - 甘油培养基中培养牛型结核分枝杆菌。通过在这种培养基中持续传代培养（从70次到235次），发现了一种具有固定特性的减毒杆菌；卡尔梅特将其称为卡介苗（BCG）。对卡介苗进行的详尽测试表明，它在保护幼小动物免受结核病侵害方面具有安全性和有效性。1924年，法国开始对新生儿接种卡介苗，随后这一做法在全球范围内推广开来。
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