Hawgood B J
Toxicon. 1999 Sep;37(9):1241-58. doi: 10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00086-0.
In 1891 in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), Dr. Albert Calmette established the first daughter Pasteur Institute for the protection of the local population against rabies and smallpox. Inspired by the discovery of diphtheria antitoxin by Behring, Calmette studied ways of raising serum against cobra venom. In 1895, now in Lille at the second daughter institute that he established, Calmette produced anticobra serum for therapeutic use that was to revolutionize the treatment of snakebite worldwide. The incidence of tuberculosis in the working class of the industrial north shocked Calmette. In response, firstly he organized an antituberculous dispensary to provide assistance to the sick and help limit the spread of the disease by improving social hygiene and secondly he devoted himself, with the assistance of Camille Guérin, to obtaining an attenuated live strain of tubercle bacilli with fixed biological characteristics for use as a vaccine. Such a strain developed during repeated passage of a culture of Mycobacterium bovis grown on a bile potato medium. In 1919, Dr. Albert Calmette took up the appointment of Sub-Director of the Pasteur Institute of Paris. Prolonged trials of BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) vaccine showed it to be safe and vaccination of very young infants born of tuberculous mothers commenced in 1921. The use of BCG vaccine as a prophylactic against tuberculosis spread world-wide and has remained important in combatting this scourge.
1891年，阿尔贝·卡尔梅特博士在西贡（今胡志明市）建立了首个巴斯德研究所分支机构，以保护当地居民免受狂犬病和天花侵害。受贝林发现白喉抗毒素的启发，卡尔梅特研究了制备抗眼镜蛇毒血清的方法。1895年，在他建立的第二个分支机构所在地里尔，卡尔梅特生产出了用于治疗的抗眼镜蛇血清，这一成果彻底改变了全球蛇咬伤的治疗方式。工业发达的北方工人阶级中结核病的发病率令卡尔梅特震惊。作为回应，他首先组织了一家抗结核诊疗所，为患者提供帮助，并通过改善社会卫生条件来限制疾病传播；其次，在卡米耶·介兰的协助下，他致力于培育出一种具有固定生物学特性的减毒活结核杆菌菌株，用作疫苗。这样一种菌株是在牛型结核分枝杆菌在胆汁马铃薯培养基上反复传代培养的过程中培育出来的。1919年，阿尔贝·卡尔梅特博士出任巴黎巴斯德研究所副所长。卡介苗（Bacille Calmette - Guérin）疫苗经过长期试验证明是安全的，1921年开始为患结核病母亲所生的婴儿接种疫苗。卡介苗作为预防结核病的疫苗在全球范围内得到应用，至今在抗击这一灾祸方面仍发挥着重要作用。
