Diaz L F, Eggerth L L, Enkhtsetseg Sh, Savage G M
CalRecovery, Inc., Concord, California, USA.
Waste Manag. 2008;28(7):1219-26. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.04.010. Epub 2007 Jul 24.
A comprehensive understanding of the quantities and characteristics of the material that needs to be managed is one of the most basic steps in the development of a plan for solid waste management. In this case, the material under consideration is the solid waste generated in healthcare facilities, also known as healthcare waste. Unfortunately, limited reliable information is available in the open literature on the quantities and characteristics of the various types of wastes that are generated in healthcare facilities. Thus, sound management of these wastes, particularly in developing countries, often is problematic. This article provides information on the quantities and properties of healthcare wastes in various types of facilities located in developing countries, as well as in some industrialized countries. Most of the information has been obtained from the open literature, although some information has been collected by the authors and from reports available to the authors. Only data collected within approximately the last 15 years and using prescribed methodologies are presented. The range of hospital waste generation (both infectious and mixed solid waste fractions) varies from 0.016 to 3.23kg/bed-day. The relatively wide variation is due to the fact that some of the facilities surveyed in Ulaanbaatar include out-patient services and district health clinics; these facilities essentially provide very basic services and thus the quantities of waste generated are relatively small. On the other hand, the reported amount of infectious (clinical, yellow bag) waste varied from 0.01 to 0.65kg/bed-day. The characteristics of the components of healthcare wastes, such as the bulk density and the calorific value, have substantial variability. This literature review and the associated attempt at a comparative analysis point to the need for worldwide consensus on the terms and characteristics that describe wastes from healthcare facilities. Such a consensus would greatly facilitate comparative analyses among different facilities, studies and countries.
全面了解需要管理的材料的数量和特性，是制定固体废物管理计划最基本的步骤之一。在这种情况下，所考虑的材料是医疗保健设施产生的固体废物，也称为医疗废物。不幸的是，公开文献中关于医疗保健设施产生的各类废物的数量和特性的可靠信息有限。因此，对这些废物进行合理管理，尤其是在发展中国家，往往存在问题。本文提供了关于发展中国家以及一些工业化国家各类设施中医疗废物的数量和特性的信息。大部分信息来自公开文献，不过也有一些信息是作者收集的，以及从作者可获取的报告中收集的。仅呈现了大约过去15年内收集的数据以及采用规定方法的数据。医院废物产生量（包括传染性废物和混合固体废物部分）的范围为0.016至3.23千克/床日。差异相对较大是因为在乌兰巴托调查的一些设施包括门诊服务和地区卫生诊所；这些设施基本上提供非常基础的服务，因此产生的废物量相对较少。另一方面，报告的传染性（临床、黄色垃圾袋）废物量从0.01至0.65千克/床日不等。医疗废物各组成部分的特性，如堆积密度和热值，具有很大的变异性。这篇文献综述以及相关的比较分析尝试表明，需要就描述医疗保健设施废物的术语和特性达成全球共识。这样的共识将极大地促进不同设施、研究和国家之间的比较分析。
