Brown Kenneth H
Department of Nutrition and Program in International and Community Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2007;60:1-13. doi: 10.1159/000106340.
Appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are fundamental to children's nutrition, health, and survival during the first 2 years of life. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 years, along with the timely introduction of adequate amounts of complementary foods of suitable nutritional and microbiological quality. The amounts of energy and micronutrients required from complementary foods have been estimated as the difference between the total physiological requirements of these food components and the amounts transferred to the child in breast milk. Recommendations for the energy density of complementary foods and their frequency of feeding have also been proposed. Intakes of several micronutrients, including iron, zinc, calcium, selected B vitamins and (in some settings) vitamin A, remain problematic because commonly available, low-cost foods contain inadequate amounts of these nutrients to provide the shortfall in breast milk. Alternative strategies to provide these nutrients include adding animal source foods to the diet, providing fortified, processed complementary foods, administering micronutrient supplements, or offering some combination of these approaches. Advantages, disadvantages, and possible risks of these different strategies are discussed.
适当的母乳喂养和辅食添加方法对于儿童出生后头两年的营养、健康和生存至关重要。世界卫生组织建议纯母乳喂养至6个月大，并持续母乳喂养至少2年，同时适时引入适量的、营养和微生物质量适宜的辅食。辅食所需的能量和微量营养素量已被估算为这些食物成分的总生理需求量与母乳中传递给儿童的量之间的差值。还提出了关于辅食能量密度及其喂养频率的建议。包括铁、锌、钙、某些B族维生素以及（在某些情况下）维生素A在内的几种微量营养素的摄入量仍然存在问题，因为常见的低成本食物中这些营养素的含量不足以弥补母乳中的不足。提供这些营养素的替代策略包括在饮食中添加动物源性食物、提供强化加工辅食、服用微量营养素补充剂或采用这些方法的某种组合。讨论了这些不同策略的优缺点和可能存在的风险。
