Loh Miranda M, Levy Jonathan I, Spengler John D, Houseman E Andres, Bennett Deborah H
KTL, National Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, Kuopio, Finland.
Environ Health Perspect. 2007 Aug;115(8):1160-8. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9884.
In this study we compared cancer risks from organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) based on total personal exposure summed across different microenvironments and exposure pathways.
We developed distributions of personal exposure concentrations using field monitoring and modeling data for inhalation and, where relevant, ingestion pathways. We calculated risks for a nonoccupationally exposed and nonsmoking population using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) unit risks. We determined the contribution to risk from indoor versus outdoor sources using indoor/outdoor ratios for gaseous compounds and the infiltration factor for particle-bound compounds.
With OEHHA's unit risks, the highest ranking compounds based on the population median are 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and dioxin, with risks on the order of 10(-4)-10(-5). The highest risk compounds with the U.S. EPA unit risks were dioxin, benzene, formaldehyde, and chloroform, with risks on a similar order of magnitude. Although indoor exposures are responsible for nearly 70% of risk using OEHHA's unit risks, when infiltration is accounted for, inhalation of outdoor sources contributed 50% to total risk, on average. Additionally, 15% of risk resulted from exposures through food, mainly due to dioxin.
Most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene risk came from outdoor sources, whereas indoor sources were primarily responsible for chloroform, formaldehyde, and naphthalene risks. The infiltration of outdoor pollution into buildings, emissions from indoor sources, and uptake through food are all important to consider in reducing overall personal risk to HAPs.
在本研究中，我们基于不同微环境和暴露途径的个人总暴露量，比较了有机有害空气污染物（HAPs）导致的癌症风险。
我们利用现场监测和吸入途径（以及相关情况下的摄入途径）的建模数据，制定了个人暴露浓度分布。我们使用美国环境保护局（EPA）和加利福尼亚州环境卫生与危害评估办公室（OEHHA）的单位风险，计算了非职业暴露且不吸烟人群的风险。我们利用气态化合物的室内/室外比例以及颗粒结合化合物的渗透因子，确定了室内和室外来源对风险的贡献。
采用OEHHA的单位风险，基于人群中位数的最高排名化合物为1,3 - 丁二烯、甲醛、苯和二恶英，风险约为10^(-4) - 10^(-5)。采用美国EPA单位风险时，最高风险化合物为二恶英、苯、甲醛和氯仿，风险量级相似。尽管使用OEHHA的单位风险时，室内暴露占风险的近70%，但考虑渗透因素后，室外源吸入平均占总风险的50%。此外，15%的风险来自食物暴露，主要是由于二恶英。
大多数多环芳烃、苯、乙醛和1,3 - 丁二烯的风险来自室外源，而室内源主要导致氯仿、甲醛和萘的风险。室外污染渗入建筑物、室内源排放以及通过食物摄入，在降低个人对HAPs的总体风险时都需要重点考虑。
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