Air pollution and its impact on cancer incidence, cancer care and cancer outcomes.

Air pollution is an under-recognised global health threat linked to an increased risk of cancers and is due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels. This review provides a high-level overview of the associations between outdoor and indoor air pollution and cancer risk and outcomes. Outdoor air pollutants are largely due to the burning of fossil fuels from human activities, although there is growing data implicating outdoor pollution from wildfire smoke. Indoor air pollution is primarily caused by burning solid fuel sources such as wood, coal and charcoal for household cooking and heating. There is a growing number of pieces of evidence linking exposure to pollution and the risk of developing cancers. The strongest evidence is seen on the positive association of air pollution, particularly particulate matter 2.5 with lung cancer. Emerging data implicate exposure to pollutants in the development of breast, gastrointestinal and other cancers. The mechanisms underlying these associations include oxidative stress, inflammation and direct DNA damage facilitated by pollutant absorption and distribution in the body. References were identified through a PubMed search for articles published in 2000 to October 2024 using the terms 'air pollution' or 'pollutants' and 'carcinoma' or ''cancer'. Air pollution poses significant risks to health. Its health impacts, including cancer risks, are often underestimated. Hazardous pollutants have been studied in several epidemiological cohort studies. Despite the mounting evidence, air pollution is often overlooked in predictive cancer risk models and public health intervention.